本文選題：船舶 + 油污損害�。� 參考：《西南政法大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著我國(guó)對(duì)外開放的深化,對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)往來也愈加頻繁,隨之也帶動(dòng)了航運(yùn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。而航運(yùn)業(yè)中除了傳統(tǒng)的船貨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之外,船舶溢油事故也隨著船舶的大型化,以及當(dāng)今社會(huì)環(huán)保意識(shí)的增強(qiáng)而成為了航運(yùn)業(yè)的又一主要需要防控的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之一。我國(guó)對(duì)于船舶溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防控的法律機(jī)制采取“雙軌制”,但由于我國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)法沒有針對(duì)船舶油污損害賠償方面的專門立法,在船舶油污損害賠償糾紛發(fā)生時(shí),國(guó)際法與國(guó)內(nèi)法的銜接,以及在須適用國(guó)內(nèi)法進(jìn)行處理的國(guó)內(nèi)案件中,就面臨著諸多困境。在侵權(quán)損害賠償責(zé)任糾紛中,民事責(zé)任主體作為民事法律責(zé)任歸結(jié)的中心問題就成為了需要首先解決的問題。特別是在船舶油污損害賠償責(zé)任糾紛中,單方責(zé)任情形下,究竟應(yīng)當(dāng)由船舶所有人、船舶經(jīng)營(yíng)人、船舶承租人等中的哪一主體承擔(dān)責(zé)任;在船舶為內(nèi)河船舶時(shí)有可能涉及到船舶掛靠之情形,此時(shí)船舶的實(shí)際所有人與船舶的登記所有人不同時(shí),又應(yīng)當(dāng)如何確定責(zé)任主體。在多方責(zé)任的情形下,兩船或多船碰撞造成多船漏油應(yīng)當(dāng)如何處理?兩船或多船造成一船漏油的情形下,非漏油船舶是否應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任?而在確定的民事責(zé)任主體無法承擔(dān)相應(yīng)責(zé)任時(shí),保險(xiǎn)人或者財(cái)務(wù)擔(dān)保人是否可以被作為直接訴訟的對(duì)象?在確定的民事責(zé)任主體未對(duì)油污風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行投保且不能足額賠償時(shí),是否有第二層保障機(jī)制對(duì)該責(zé)任進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償?我國(guó)法律對(duì)于以上問題還沒有提供較為清晰明確的指引。本文約四萬余字,除引言和結(jié)語(yǔ)外,共分為五個(gè)部分。第一部分:船舶油污損害的民事法律責(zé)任的形式、基礎(chǔ)與特征。由于本文主要針對(duì)船舶油污損害賠償糾紛中的民事責(zé)任主體進(jìn)行研究,因而在對(duì)船舶油污損害賠償?shù)拿袷路韶?zé)任進(jìn)行法律分析時(shí),選取了以責(zé)任主體數(shù)量為分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的單方主體與多方主體來對(duì)該種法律責(zé)任進(jìn)行分析。船舶油污損害賠償?shù)拿袷路韶?zé)任的責(zé)任形式又與環(huán)境法和海商法、一般民事侵權(quán)法的不同的責(zé)任基礎(chǔ)有關(guān)。而船舶油污損害的民事法律責(zé)任的責(zé)任基礎(chǔ)又有其特殊性:以嚴(yán)格責(zé)任與過錯(cuò)責(zé)任混合作為歸責(zé)原則;為了平衡該種法律責(zé)任的預(yù)防、懲罰、補(bǔ)償和教育功能,責(zé)任的承擔(dān)形式表現(xiàn)出一定的社會(huì)化。第二部分:船舶油污損害民事法律責(zé)任的責(zé)任主體范圍、責(zé)任與免責(zé)的國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)法律規(guī)定。本部分主要通過對(duì)于相關(guān)國(guó)際公約以及美國(guó)、英國(guó)等航運(yùn)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家有關(guān)船舶油污損害民事法律責(zé)任的責(zé)任主體的立法設(shè)計(jì)的分析,探究其立法設(shè)計(jì)的目的,從而對(duì)我國(guó)相關(guān)立法設(shè)計(jì)借鑒的可能性進(jìn)行分析。第三部分:我國(guó)船舶油污損害民事責(zé)任主體之范圍、責(zé)任與免責(zé)的研究。本部分接續(xù)第二部分,主要針對(duì)我國(guó)司法實(shí)踐中針對(duì)不符合國(guó)際公約適用條件下的船舶油污損害賠償糾紛的三種處理方式中涉及到的民事責(zé)任主體范圍、責(zé)任與免責(zé)的確定上存在問題進(jìn)行的剖析,以明晰在司法實(shí)踐中針對(duì)船舶油污損害賠償糾紛處理時(shí)的不同著力點(diǎn)。第四部分:我國(guó)在確定船舶油污損害的民事責(zé)任主體范圍、責(zé)任與免責(zé)時(shí)存在的若干問題。本部分主要針對(duì)我國(guó)在關(guān)于船舶油污損害的民事責(zé)任主體的范圍、責(zé)任與免責(zé)的民事法律規(guī)范中出現(xiàn)的制度空白或制度模糊進(jìn)行分析。第五部分:完善我國(guó)船舶油污損害民事責(zé)任主體相關(guān)規(guī)定的若干建議。本部分是在前述分析歸納我國(guó)船舶油污損害民事責(zé)任主體相關(guān)立法及司法實(shí)踐中出現(xiàn)的問題的基礎(chǔ)上,有針對(duì)性的分別就確定相關(guān)民事責(zé)任主體的法律依據(jù)的統(tǒng)一和完善、責(zé)任限制基金的程序性規(guī)定以及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分擔(dān)機(jī)制的完善、我國(guó)船舶油污損害賠償基金制度的細(xì)化與完善等方面提出了改善建議。
[Abstract]:With the deepening of China's opening to the outside world, the exchange of foreign trade and trade is becoming more frequent, as well as the development of the shipping industry. In addition to the traditional shipping risk, the ship's oil spill accident is also a major risk for the shipping industry, with the large scale of the ship and the enhancement of the awareness of environmental protection in today's society. First, our country adopts a "double track system" for the legal mechanism of the risk prevention and control of ships' oil spill, but because the domestic law has no special legislation on compensation for oil pollution damage in ships, the connection between international law and domestic law in the case of compensation for oil pollution damage in ships, and in domestic cases where the domestic law should be applied to the domestic law There are many difficulties. In the dispute of liability for damages in tort, the subject of civil liability as the central question of the civil liability is the first problem to be solved. In particular, in the case of the liability for compensation for oil pollution damage in ships, the owner of the ship, the ship operator, the ship lessee, etc. Which subject in the ship is responsible; in the case that the ship is a inland ship, it may involve the case of the ship's attachment. At this time, the actual owner of the ship is different from the registered owner of the ship, and how should we determine the subject of responsibility. In the case of multiple responsibilities, how to deal with the oil leakage caused by the collision of two ships or multiple ships? Two ships or more. Is a non oil leaking vessel responsible for a ship leaking in the case of a ship, and when the subject of civil liability cannot bear the corresponding liability, can the insurer or financial guarantor be used as the object of direct litigation? When the subject of civil liability is not insured against the oil pollution risk and can not be compensated in full, Whether there are second layers of security mechanism to compensate for the responsibility? China's law has not provided clear and clear guidance to the above problems. This article is divided into five parts in addition to the introduction and conclusion. The first part: the form, foundation and characteristics of the civil legal liability for oil pollution damage to ships. The subject of civil liability in the oil pollution damage compensation dispute is studied. Therefore, in the legal analysis of the civil legal liability of the compensation for oil pollution damage to the ship, the legal responsibility of the kind of legal responsibility for the compensation for oil pollution damage of ships is analyzed. The liability form is also related to the basis of the different responsibilities of the environmental law and the maritime law and the general civil tort law. And the liability basis of the civil legal liability for oil pollution damage to the ship has its particularity: the combination of strict liability and fault liability as the principle of liability; in order to balance the prevention, punishment, compensation and educational functions of the legal liability of this kind, The second part: the scope of liability subject to the civil legal liability for oil pollution damage to ships and the international and domestic legal provisions of liability and exemption. This part mainly passes the responsibility of the relevant international conventions and the United States, Britain and other developed countries on the civil legal liability of oil pollution damage to ships. The analysis of the legislative design of the subject, explores the purpose of its legislative design, and then analyzes the possibility of drawing lessons from the relevant legislative design of our country. The third part: the scope of the subject of civil liability for oil pollution damage in China's ships, the study of responsibility and disclaimer. This part is followed by the second part, which is mainly aimed at the non conformity of our country in the judicial practice. In the three ways of dealing with compensation for oil pollution damage to ships under the Convention, the scope of civil liability subject, the determination of liability and exemption are analyzed in order to clarify different focus points for the handling of oil pollution compensation disputes in judicial practice. The fourth part: China is determining ship oil. The scope of the subject of civil liability for pollution damage, responsibility and disclaimer. This part is mainly aimed at the analysis of the system blank or system fuzzy in the scope of the subject of civil liability for oil pollution damage to the ship, the system blank or the fuzzy system in the civil legal norms of responsibility and exemption. The fifth part: perfecting the civil oil pollution damage civil in our country On the basis of the analysis and induction of the problems arising from the relevant legislation and judicial practice of the subject of civil liability for oil pollution damage in China, this part is based on the unification and perfection of the legal basis for determining the subject of the relevant civil liability, and the procedural provisions of the liability limitation fund. As well as the improvement of risk sharing mechanism, suggestions for improvement and improvement of China's oil pollution compensation fund system are put forward.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D922.294

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