本文選題：法現(xiàn)代化 + 保險(xiǎn)契約�。� 參考：《武漢大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：本文以“法現(xiàn)代化視野下保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任問題研究”為題，關(guān)注的是在保險(xiǎn)交易雙方履約能力不對等、信息不對稱條件下，保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任建構(gòu)所面臨的經(jīng)濟(jì)倫理和法律規(guī)范選擇問題。 法現(xiàn)代化不單是法律制度的現(xiàn)代化，同時(shí)還應(yīng)是法律文化的現(xiàn)代化。中國民商事法的現(xiàn)代化不單是一種法典化運(yùn)動，同時(shí)還應(yīng)是法的人本化、科學(xué)化進(jìn)程。因之，法現(xiàn)代化的重要價(jià)值目標(biāo)在于私權(quán)自治，在于對締約主體人身權(quán)和財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的有力保護(hù)。契約制度是在個(gè)人權(quán)利保護(hù)、自由主義盛行的歷史背景下出現(xiàn)的，契約自由原則在完成“由身份到契約”的社會變遷中得到極度的彰顯，“契約必須遵守”的理念深入人心，無論是過錯(cuò)還是無過錯(cuò)，對于承擔(dān)契約責(zé)任的自然人和法人來說都是一樣的結(jié)果。二十一世紀(jì)是法學(xué)理論向人文化、社會化轉(zhuǎn)型的時(shí)期，社會價(jià)值至上的法律對整體利益的保護(hù)多于對自然人和法人的保護(hù)，在這樣的現(xiàn)實(shí)中，保險(xiǎn)業(yè)究竟可以提供多少保障，能否給予被保險(xiǎn)人的契約權(quán)益以有效保護(hù)，都有賴于保險(xiǎn)人契權(quán)責(zé)任法律制度的引入。 市場競爭環(huán)境下，由于保險(xiǎn)交易的分離性和基礎(chǔ)交易直接參與程度的不同，特R%是保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)逐漸發(fā)展為提供保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品和保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)并行，被保險(xiǎn)人的權(quán)益實(shí)現(xiàn)的訴求也相應(yīng)提高，這就需要保險(xiǎn)人更加獨(dú)立地承擔(dān)社會責(zé)任和發(fā)生的交易風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。保險(xiǎn)人與投保人之間締約地位不對等，保險(xiǎn)人和保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品消費(fèi)者之間不能建立穩(wěn)定的信賴關(guān)系，未能形成穩(wěn)定交易雙方利益的有效安排。保險(xiǎn)僅僅是諸多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理工具中的一種，保險(xiǎn)是出于降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的需要而對自身利益進(jìn)行合理配置的一種制度安排，是不確定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素聯(lián)系下的人、利益、財(cái)產(chǎn)的有機(jī)結(jié)合，這也構(gòu)成了保險(xiǎn)交易行為的普遍要件。在一定意義上講，保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的運(yùn)行具有以信用關(guān)系為基本特征和前提的特殊性，而保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的倫理性，決定了保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)行為必須承擔(dān)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益與社會效益的雙重責(zé)任。我國經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)軌、市場開放、社會轉(zhuǎn)型，市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制機(jī)制和法律體系建設(shè)還處在發(fā)展完善過程中，保險(xiǎn)人常常忽視被保險(xiǎn)人權(quán)益，侵犯被保險(xiǎn)人正當(dāng)權(quán)益行為屢有發(fā)生。順此邏輯，實(shí)現(xiàn)保險(xiǎn)業(yè)的健康可持續(xù)發(fā)展，保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任問題尤應(yīng)值得研究和關(guān)注。 法律規(guī)范的本質(zhì)是強(qiáng)制性的應(yīng)然規(guī)范。保險(xiǎn)交易雙方當(dāng)事人之間產(chǎn)生了一種不同于一般的法律權(quán)利和義務(wù)關(guān)系，這種地位區(qū)別來自他們不對應(yīng)的談判能力，并要求占有優(yōu)勢的保險(xiǎn)人能夠按照最大誠實(shí)的原則來承擔(dān)對被保險(xiǎn)人的義務(wù)。所以，在此背景下研究保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任問題，無論對于保險(xiǎn)人、被保險(xiǎn)人還是保險(xiǎn)業(yè)整體的可持續(xù)發(fā)展都有著重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。本文研究的目的就在于，，通過把法現(xiàn)代化背景下的保險(xiǎn)人履行契約責(zé)任作為分析研究的對象，通過運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代民商法理論和契約經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、制度金融學(xué)等相關(guān)分析方法，分析契約倫理、保險(xiǎn)企業(yè)倫理和法律規(guī)制對保險(xiǎn)人履行契約責(zé)任的影響，并對如何通過路徑選擇和理念更新，實(shí)現(xiàn)保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任意識的重構(gòu)，提出相應(yīng)的決策選擇。論文的主要部分和章節(jié)構(gòu)成如下： 第一章是對保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任問題既有的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行較為系統(tǒng)的整理。針對保險(xiǎn)合約和保險(xiǎn)契約責(zé)任兩個(gè)層面的相關(guān)研究，介紹了多種學(xué)理觀點(diǎn)、相比之前研究的意義和局限。國內(nèi)外民商法、保險(xiǎn)法學(xué)界就契約問題的研究林林總總，但從跨學(xué)科角度研究保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任問題，建樹不多。 第二章以“法現(xiàn)代化視野下的保險(xiǎn)功能：問題的提出”為題，是對保險(xiǎn)業(yè)、保險(xiǎn)契約的功能問題的初步導(dǎo)入，由此引出全文研究的主旨。本章從行業(yè)觀察和實(shí)證角度，分析了法現(xiàn)代化條件下中國保險(xiǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展問題，并從締約信息對稱性、交易成本分析、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好性分析諸方面對保險(xiǎn)就保險(xiǎn)契約的理論和實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行了法經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的介紹。法現(xiàn)代化的重要價(jià)值目標(biāo)在于私權(quán)自治，在于對締約主體人身權(quán)和財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的有力保護(hù)。在我國法律文化發(fā)展史上，一直存在自然人權(quán)利保護(hù)的缺位，在一定程度上抑制了私權(quán)自治精神的發(fā)揮，因此，把私權(quán)自治作為民商事法律現(xiàn)代化的價(jià)值目標(biāo)具有一定的必然性。 第三章以“法現(xiàn)代化視野下的保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任問題”為題，是對法現(xiàn)代化視野下的保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)闡釋，其間涉及契約自由與經(jīng)濟(jì)理性、當(dāng)事人絕對權(quán)利保護(hù)對契約責(zé)任的沖擊、信賴?yán)孀鳛槠跫s責(zé)任的倫理基礎(chǔ)等命題。權(quán)利義務(wù)均衡模式是法律理論體系和法律運(yùn)作過程的核心準(zhǔn)則，研究契約法理論的現(xiàn)代意義、保險(xiǎn)契約的價(jià)值取向、保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任的法哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)等問題，進(jìn)而推導(dǎo)出市場經(jīng)濟(jì)下保險(xiǎn)契約履行的倫理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)、保險(xiǎn)契約的社會化與保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任的權(quán)利構(gòu)成等命題，在實(shí)證基礎(chǔ)上圍繞不同范疇展開。 第四章以“保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任與侵權(quán)責(zé)任的沖突與融合”為題，是對保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任與侵權(quán)責(zé)任的沖突與融合進(jìn)行論述。隨著社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，保險(xiǎn)不僅僅是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償和社會再分配的手段，逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向以人的生存、發(fā)展和提高為中心目的，強(qiáng)化了保險(xiǎn)的保障功能，這種演化趨勢保險(xiǎn)本質(zhì)向保險(xiǎn)本質(zhì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)本質(zhì)與社會本質(zhì)并重轉(zhuǎn)化，而包含了合同要義的侵權(quán)責(zé)任主張，則進(jìn)一步豐富了傳統(tǒng)的民事責(zé)任學(xué)說，這為從契約責(zé)任與侵權(quán)責(zé)任融合角度分析保險(xiǎn)人責(zé)任提供了理據(jù)支撐。在民法現(xiàn)代化、侵權(quán)責(zé)任法進(jìn)路轉(zhuǎn)型的時(shí)代背景下，保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任的有效承擔(dān)在一定意義上有賴于侵權(quán)責(zé)任法的變革。 第五章以“保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任與法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理”為題，是對保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任與法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理進(jìn)行論述。市場化的社會條件下，保險(xiǎn)業(yè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀況日益復(fù)雜，除了傳統(tǒng)的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn)外，法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組合中的地位不斷上升，對其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)總量的影響也越來越大。保險(xiǎn)利益與被保險(xiǎn)人權(quán)利保護(hù)具有內(nèi)在的關(guān)聯(lián)，由此推導(dǎo)出保險(xiǎn)人承擔(dān)的契約責(zé)任法律義務(wù)，以及被保險(xiǎn)人權(quán)益實(shí)現(xiàn)的制度安排。 第六章以“保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任的法律規(guī)制”為題，提出保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任的法律規(guī)制這一應(yīng)然性命題，從比較法角度進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)展開。保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品具有準(zhǔn)公共產(chǎn)品的特征，不僅應(yīng)按市場經(jīng)濟(jì)理論來發(fā)展或經(jīng)營商業(yè)保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)，同時(shí)應(yīng)借助公共政策和法律規(guī)制來推動保險(xiǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。據(jù)此，本章對保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任立法的價(jià)值取向、功能和作用，以及法律淵源問題進(jìn)行了深刻解析。 第七章以“保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任的重構(gòu)”為題，是基于以上研究的過程及結(jié)果，對保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任的法治化建構(gòu)的路徑選擇。市場環(huán)境的復(fù)雜化決定了法律需求總是受到社會經(jīng)濟(jì)條件和法律供給水平的影響，良好的契約法治關(guān)系應(yīng)該通過矯正保險(xiǎn)人和被保險(xiǎn)人權(quán)利義務(wù)的不合理配置，使外部效應(yīng)“內(nèi)部化”，以降低保險(xiǎn)履約成本和社會成本，并且維護(hù)保險(xiǎn)業(yè)生態(tài)穩(wěn)定，這都需要從法律上建構(gòu)保險(xiǎn)人的契約責(zé)任，從責(zé)任意識培育、法律環(huán)境約束、監(jiān)管現(xiàn)代化等諸多方面對提高保險(xiǎn)人履行契約責(zé)任能力提出對策。 本文研究的貢獻(xiàn)主要體現(xiàn)在跨學(xué)科視角的觀察：第一，首度從法經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、民商法學(xué)、保險(xiǎn)學(xué)等不同角度對保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任制度構(gòu)建的現(xiàn)實(shí)動因和理論基礎(chǔ)，以及保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任的法律淵源和法律構(gòu)成等問題進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)論證；第二，首度提出對保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任法律制度進(jìn)行整體構(gòu)建的設(shè)想，形成保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的法律規(guī)制，保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任意識和契約倫理的培育；第三，因應(yīng)保險(xiǎn)業(yè)跨越式發(fā)展與保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任意識與制度不相適應(yīng)的現(xiàn)狀，在保險(xiǎn)人契約責(zé)任法律制度構(gòu)建路徑方面進(jìn)行適度創(chuàng)新性設(shè)計(jì)。
[Abstract]:This paper, based on the "study on the liability of Insurers under the perspective of legal modernization", focuses on the problem of economic ethics and legal norms in the construction of the insurer's contractual liability under the condition of asymmetric information between the two parties.
The modernization of the law is not only the modernization of the legal system, but also the modernization of the legal culture. The modernization of the civil and commercial law of China is not only a kind of codification movement, but also the humanized and scientific process of the law. For it, the important value goal of the modernization of law lies in the autonomy of private rights and the right to the personal and property rights of the parties to the parties. Strong protection. The contract system appears in the historical background of the protection of individual rights and the prevalence of liberalism. The principle of freedom of contract has been extremely highlighted in the social change from "identity to contract". The concept of "contract must be observed" is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, whether it is wrong or no fault, and the nature of the contract responsibility. People and legal persons are the same results. Twenty-first Century is the period of law theory to human culture and social transformation. The protection of the whole interest is more than the protection of natural people and legal persons. In this reality, how many guarantees can the insurance industry provide and the contractual rights and interests of the insured? Effective protection depends on the introduction of the legal system of the insurer's right of title.
In the market competition environment, due to the separability of insurance transactions and the different degree of direct participation in the basic transaction, special R% is the gradual development of insurance services to provide insurance products and insurance services in parallel, and the demands of the insurers' rights and interests are also improved accordingly. This requires the insurer to undertake the social responsibility and the transaction wind more independently. Insurance is not equal to the insurer and the insured, the insurer and the insurance product consumers can not establish a stable trust relationship and fail to form an effective arrangement to stabilize the interests of the two parties. Insurance is only one of the many risk management tools, and the insurance is a reasonable match for its own interests for the sake of lowering the risk. In a certain sense, the operation of the insurance economy has the characteristics of the basic characteristics and preconditions of the credit relationship, and the ethical nature of the insurance economy determines the insurance economic behavior. We must bear the dual responsibility of economic and social benefits. China's economic transition, market opening, social transformation, market economic system and legal system construction are still in the process of development and improvement, the insurers often neglect the rights and interests of the insured, and the insurant has repeatedly occurred in the rights and interests of the insured. The logic of this logic is to realize the health of the insurance industry. The sustainable development of Concord and the contractual liability of insurers should be worth studying and paying attention to.
The essence of the legal norm is the mandatory norm. The parties to the insurance trade produce a different legal right and obligation relationship between the two parties. This position difference comes from their ability to negotiate the wrong, and requires the insurer who has the advantage to bear the obligation to the insured in accordance with the principle of maximum honesty. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the liability of the insurer in this context, whether for the insurer, the insured or the sustainable development of the insurance industry. The purpose of this study is to make use of the modernity by applying the contractual liability of the insurer in the context of the modernization of the law as the object of the analysis and research. The theory of civil and commercial law, contract economics, institutional finance and other related analysis methods, analyze the influence of contract ethics, insurance enterprise ethics and legal regulation on the liability of the insurer to fulfill the contractual liability, and how to reconstruct the consciousness of the liability of the insurer through the path selection and the idea renewal, and put forward the corresponding decision choice. The main part of the thesis is the main part of the thesis. The chapters and chapters are made up as follows:
The first chapter is a systematic review of the existing documents of the insurer's contractual liability. In view of the two aspects of the insurance contract and the liability of the insurance contract, a variety of academic views are introduced and the significance and limitations of the previous study are compared. From the perspective of subject, it is not enough to study the contractual liability of insurers.
The second chapter, on the basis of "the insurance function under the perspective of legal modernization", is a preliminary introduction to the function of the insurance industry and the insurance contract, which leads to the main purpose of the full text study. This chapter analyzes the development of China's Insurance Industry under the conditions of the modernization of law and the symmetry of the contracting information from the perspective of industry observation and demonstration. Easy cost analysis and risk preference analysis are introduced in the theory and practice of insurance contract. The important value goal of the modernization of law lies in the autonomy of private rights, the strong protection of the personal rights and property rights of the contracting parties. In the history of the development of Chinese legal culture, there has been a natural person's rights and protection. The absence of protection, to some extent, restrained the exertion of the autonomy spirit of private rights. Therefore, it has certain inevitability to take the autonomy of private rights as the value goal of the modernization of civil and commercial law.
The third chapter, with the question of "the liability of the insurer under the perspective of legal modernization", is a systematic explanation of the contractual liability of the insurer under the view of the modernization of law, which involves the freedom of the contract and the economic rationality, the impact of the protection of the absolute rights of the parties on the contractual liability and the ethical basis of the trust and benefit as the basis for the contractual liability. The balance mode of obligation is the core criterion of the legal theory system and the process of law operation. It studies the modern significance of the theory of contract law, the value orientation of the insurance contract, the legal philosophy foundation of the liability of the insurer, and then derives the ethical basis of the performance of the insurance contract under the market economy, the socialization of the insurance contract and the contract of the insurer. On the basis of empirical research, the proposition of the right constitution of responsibility is launched around different categories.
The fourth chapter, on the topic of "the conflict and integration of the insurer's contractual liability and the tort liability", is a discussion of the conflict and integration of the insurer's contractual liability and the tort liability. With the development of the social economy, insurance is not only a means of economic compensation and social redistribution, but gradually turning to the survival, development and improvement of the people. It strengthens the guarantee function of insurance. The essence of this evolution trend is transformed into the essence of insurance, the essence of the economy and the social essence, and it contains the claim of tort liability for the essential meaning of the contract, which further enriches the traditional theory of civil liability, which provides the reason for the analysis of the liability of the insurer from the angle of the integration of the contractual liability and the right to empower the rights. Under the background of the era of the modernization of civil law and the transition of tort liability law, the effective undertaking of the liability of the insurer depends on the change of the tort liability law in a certain sense.
The fifth chapter, on the basis of the "insurer's contractual liability and the management of legal risk", is a discussion of the contractual liability of the insurer and the management of the legal risk. Under the market-oriented social conditions, the risk of the insurance industry is increasingly complex. In addition to the traditional credit risk and market risk, the status of the legal risk in the risk combination is rising constantly. The impact of the total risk is also increasing. The insurance interests and the protection of the insured have an inherent relationship, thus deriving the legal obligations of the insurer and the institutional arrangements for the realization of the rights and interests of the insured.
The sixth chapter, on the basis of "the legal regulation of the liability of the insurer's contractual liability", puts forward the legal regulation of the liability of the insurer, which is carried out systematically from the angle of comparative law. The insurance products have the characteristics of quasi public products, which should not only develop or operate commercial insurance according to the market economy theory, but also have the aid of public policy. And legal regulation to promote the development of the insurance industry. Accordingly, this chapter makes a profound analysis of the value orientation, function and function of the legislation of the insurer's contractual liability, as well as the origin of the law.
The seventh chapter, on the basis of "reconstructing the liability of the insurer's contract", is based on the process and results of the above research and the path choice for the legal construction of the liability of the insurer. The complexity of the market environment determines that the legal demand is always affected by the social and economic conditions and the level of the legal supply, and the good contract rule of law should be passed through To correct the unreasonable allocation of the rights and obligations of the insurer and the insured, make the external effect "internalized", to reduce the insurance performance cost and social cost, and to maintain the ecological stability of the insurance industry, which all need to construct the contractual liability of the insurer from the law, from the cultivation of responsibility consciousness, the legal environment restraint, the modernization of supervision and so on. To improve the insurers' ability to fulfill their contractual obligations.
The contribution of this study is mainly reflected in the observation of interdisciplinary perspective. First, the first, from the different angles of law and economics, civil and commercial law, insurance, and so on, the realistic motivation and theoretical foundation of the insurer's contract responsibility system construction, as well as the legal origin and legal constitution of the insurer's contractual liability are systematically demonstrated. Second, the first mention is made. The assumption of the overall construction of the legal system of the insurer's contractual liability is to form the legal regulation of the risk of the insurer's contractual liability, the consciousness of the insurer's contractual liability and the cultivation of the contract ethics; third, the law of the insurer's contractual liability is the present situation of the insurer's leap forward development and the insurer's contract responsibility consciousness and the system. The path of institutional improvement is designed with appropriate innovation.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D922.284;F840

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