本文選題：提單批注　切入點：表面狀況　出處：《西南政法大學》2009年碩士論文

【摘要】： 隨著經(jīng)濟全球化的不斷深入,國際貨物貿(mào)易三分之二以上都是通過海上運輸實現(xiàn)的。提單作為海上運輸最為重要的法律單證之一,直接關(guān)系到托運人、收貨人、承運人等多方關(guān)系人的切身利益。提單產(chǎn)生之初,僅具有收據(jù)功能,它是對裝船貨物的質(zhì)量、數(shù)量以及表面狀況等事項的書面確認,是證明貨物收受這一特定事實的書面憑證。隨著提單進入貿(mào)易領域,它才衍生出了運輸合同證明和物權(quán)憑證兩大功能。而提單的收據(jù)功能是最具基石意義的功能,它的這一功能完全在運輸領域中得以體現(xiàn)。提單上記載著托運人的名稱、貨物品名、數(shù)量、質(zhì)量和規(guī)格等。如果貨物在裝船過程中出現(xiàn)損壞,則承運人需要在該收據(jù)上另行批注說明貨物的外表真實情況,作為事后交貨時免除責任的依據(jù),這就構(gòu)成了“提單批注”。 提單批注指的是承運人或者代其簽發(fā)提單的人,在提單正面就提單所記載的貨物品名、標志、包數(shù)或件數(shù)、重量或體積的準確性以及貨物表面狀況所作的附注性記載,以客觀如實的反映提單所記載貨物的實際狀況。在提單上就貨物的實際狀況加以記載,是國際貿(mào)易的必然要求,也是買賣合同以及結(jié)算匯兌對提單的要求在運輸環(huán)節(jié)中的體現(xiàn)。一項合法有效的批注可以切實保障承運人和收貨人的合法權(quán)益。正因為提單批注關(guān)系著托運人、承運人、收貨人等多方利害關(guān)系人的利益,故在航運實務中,提單批注有著舉足輕重的地位。承運人在制作提單時應謹慎處理,不可濫發(fā)清潔提單,一點點疏忽都會帶來巨大的損失。提單批注是承運人一項重要的權(quán)利和義務,掌握和運用正確的觀點和方法,對于在航運實務中承運人準確地表達意圖,批注提單有著重要意義。本文以此為出發(fā)點,采用提單批注理論知識的探討和實務操作結(jié)合的寫作方式,以期對提單批注法律問題有更清晰的認識,有助于承運人正確行使該權(quán)利和履行該義務,進而促進我國航運業(yè)的健康發(fā)展。 本文包括以下七個部分: 引言部分主要介紹了有關(guān)提單批注法律問題的研究現(xiàn)狀和本文的寫作目的。 第一部分筆者分別從現(xiàn)實的合理性和法律的可行性兩個角度談到提單批注存在和適用的價值。 第二部分闡述了提單批注的法律基本概況。首先,筆者從提單批注的法律屬性入手,這一單方法律行為既是承運人的權(quán)利也是承運人的義務,承運人必須適時而不擴大的準確行使該項權(quán)利和履行該項義務。緊接著,筆者專門就以下幾個相關(guān)概念做了比較研究:提單記載、清潔提單、不清潔提單、大副收據(jù)被批注,以期能更好的認識提單批注的作用。然后,筆者分別從理論的角度和航運實務的角度,介紹了提單批注的兩種表現(xiàn)形式和幾種常見的標準提單批注類別,并予以了解釋說明。 第三部分論證了提單批注權(quán)的行使。筆者首先談到權(quán)利行使的主客體。然后,進一步闡述了提單批注權(quán)行使中產(chǎn)生的糾紛中利害關(guān)系人的權(quán)責劃分。分別從糾紛產(chǎn)生原因和權(quán)責劃分兩方面來看待此問題。在本部分的最后,筆者對承運人在行使提單批注權(quán)時的兩個特殊問題進行了探討。 第四部分以利害關(guān)系人為視角,論述了提單批注的效力。在托運人和承運人之間,當出現(xiàn)貨物表面狀況與提單記載事項不一致的情況時,托運人往往為了能順利結(jié)匯促成買賣合同的完成,而出具保函以此向承運人要求換發(fā)清潔提單。善意的保函在航運慣例和法律規(guī)定中是被肯定和接受的。提單記載是承運人收到所述貨物的初步證據(jù),對提單受讓人而言該記載屬于絕對證據(jù)。如果提單經(jīng)承運人正當批注,則這種批注將保護承運人,提單中關(guān)于貨物狀況的記載將不具有任何證據(jù)效力,承運人免責。在托運人和銀行之間,銀行僅有審核表面單據(jù)的義務,托運人要想順利結(jié)匯就必須向銀行提供清潔提單。銀行審單完全是憑提單記載和提單批注,它不能一味的拒收含有批注的提單,必須嚴格認定哪些批注才真正的構(gòu)成“不清潔”,從而不阻礙支付的順利進行。 第五部分探討如何從立法上完善有關(guān)提單批注的法律規(guī)定,并從航運實務角度提出了對承運人如何行使提單批注權(quán)的建議。海商法是門實務性很強的法律學科,提單作為航運業(yè)中最重要的法律單據(jù)在整個海商法學科中占據(jù)著重要地位,而提單批注這一看似微不足道的法律和航運問題卻關(guān)系著多方利害關(guān)系人的切身利益,對它的法律研究的根本出發(fā)點和最終落腳點就是希望能在實務操作中給予足夠充分的指導與幫助,從而促進我國航運業(yè)的健康有序發(fā)展。筆者針對完善已有法律和專門立法兩方面提出意見與建議。緊接著,從實務操作角度出發(fā),筆者提出了五點關(guān)于如何正確恰當行使提單批注權(quán)的建議。 結(jié)語部分總結(jié)了本文的主要觀點并提出了展望。
[Abstract]:With the deepening of the globalization of the economy , more than two thirds of the international merchandise trade is realized by sea transport . The bill of lading is one of the most important legal documents of the sea transportation . The bill of lading has only the function of receipt .



The endorsement of bill of lading is an essential requirement of international trade , and it is an inevitable requirement of international trade . It is an inevitable requirement of international trade .



This article includes the following seven sections :



The introduction part mainly introduces the research status of the law problem of bill of lading , and the purpose of this paper .



In the first part , the author discusses the existence and application value of the endorsement of bill of lading from two aspects : the rationality of reality and the feasibility of law .



In the second part , the paper expounds the basic general situation of the endorsement of bill of lading . First , the author starts with the legal attribute of the bill of lading , which is both the carrier ' s right and the carrier ' s obligation . The carrier must exercise the right and fulfill the obligation in due time and not . Then , the author makes a comparative study on several related concepts : bill of lading , clean bill of lading , non - clean bill of lading , big and secondary receipts being endorsed , so as to better understand the effect of the bill of lading . Then , the author introduces two forms of the annotation of bill of lading and several common annotation categories of standard bill of lading from the angle of theory and shipping practice respectively .



The third part demonstrates the exercise of the right of lading ' s endorsement . First of all , the author talks about the main object of the exercise of the right of lading . Then , the author further expounds the division of the rights and responsibilities of the interested parties in the dispute arising from the exercise of the right of endorsement of the bill of lading . At the end of this part , the author discusses two special problems in the exercise of the right of endorsement of the bill of lading .



In the fourth part , the effect of the endorsement of the bill of lading is discussed in the view of the interested party . In the case of inconsistency between the shipper and the carrier , when the condition of the goods surface and the record of the bill of lading are inconsistent , the shipper will protect the carrier . If the bill of lading is endorsed by the carrier , such endorsement will protect the carrier . If the bill of lading is endorsed by the carrier , it is necessary to provide the bank with a clean bill of lading .



The fifth part discusses how to perfect the legal provisions on the annotation of bill of lading from the legislation , and puts forward the suggestion on how to exercise the right of endorsement of the bill of lading from the point of view of shipping practice .



The concluding part summarizes the main viewpoints of this paper and puts forward the prospect .

【學位授予單位】：西南政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：D922.294

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)碩士學位論文 前2條

1 文麗;海運提單批注的法律研究[D];華東政法大學;2011年

2 劉定凱;淺析集裝箱提單中的“不知條款”[D];華東政法大學;2011年

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本文編號：1684425