本文選題：知識產(chǎn)權(quán)　切入點：融資擔保　出處：《華東政法學(xué)院》2006年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 二十年前,知識產(chǎn)權(quán)還只是學(xué)校法學(xué)教育中點綴的花瓶;在企業(yè)交易中,它也不過只是附帶一提的附屬品。然而隨著整體產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,憑借傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)獲取商業(yè)利潤的產(chǎn)業(yè)模式,逐漸從先進國家淡出,取而代之的是以知識為主的科技產(chǎn)業(yè),以及各種類型的文化創(chuàng)意、民生休閑產(chǎn)業(yè)。在這個時候,大家突然發(fā)現(xiàn)整體商業(yè)價值的重心,已經(jīng)從土地、設(shè)備等資本資源,轉(zhuǎn)移到知識產(chǎn)權(quán)上。彷佛突然之間,知識產(chǎn)權(quán)變成現(xiàn)代商業(yè)社會中交易最重要的標的。在1970年代,SP500企業(yè)的市值與其賬面價值(market-book ratio)的平均值約為1,然而到了2000年時,該項平均值約為6;換言之,在每六元的市價中,無形資產(chǎn)的價值即占了五元,無形資產(chǎn)占了公司市值的83.3%。知識產(chǎn)權(quán)已經(jīng)成為公司的主要資產(chǎn)之一,它不再因為缺乏如土地廠房般的實體而受人忽視,相反的,知識產(chǎn)權(quán)在目前的商業(yè)與經(jīng)濟時代中,已經(jīng)越來越具體,雖然摸不到,但是知識產(chǎn)權(quán)本身所表彰的經(jīng)濟利益,卻已經(jīng)具體到?jīng)]有人能忽視到它的存在。 然而許多問題也正從知識產(chǎn)權(quán)背后所可能隱藏的巨大經(jīng)濟意義而產(chǎn)生。在許多先進國家中,已逐漸從傳統(tǒng)的舊經(jīng)濟時代,轉(zhuǎn)向成為“知識經(jīng)濟”時代,因此傳統(tǒng)上以工廠設(shè)備、土地、勞力,以及原物料供應(yīng)等資產(chǎn)之重要性,在企業(yè)體運作的過程中,已經(jīng)從第一線退到第二線,反倒是利用人類思想、技術(shù)或是創(chuàng)意的知識產(chǎn)權(quán),成為許多企業(yè)獲利的主要來源。因此如能有效推動知識經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,同時充分掌握知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的特質(zhì),利用知識產(chǎn)權(quán)做為媒介,應(yīng)可有助于中國擺脫傳統(tǒng)制造代工的經(jīng)濟模式。知識產(chǎn)權(quán)本身具有高度,而且是可被量化的具體經(jīng)濟價值,已經(jīng)是毫無疑問的一件事。有許多知識產(chǎn)權(quán)在中國各個技術(shù)交易市場上,紅火的進行交易,藉由出售原有的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)為原權(quán)利人賺進大把鈔票,也是不爭的事實。但是利用知識產(chǎn)權(quán)具體求現(xiàn),換取現(xiàn)金,似乎除了徹底買賣移轉(zhuǎn)知識產(chǎn)權(quán)之外,想要利用知識產(chǎn)權(quán)在金融市場上取得其它的利益,例如作為擔保品向銀行進行貸款,或是將知識產(chǎn)權(quán)視為如同土地、廠房一般的資產(chǎn),透過資產(chǎn)證券化的方式募集資金,在中國是一件法律雖然允許,但金融實務(wù)上乏人問津的一種標的。 既然知識產(chǎn)權(quán)就如同企業(yè)所有的其它具體資產(chǎn)一般,具有具體的經(jīng)濟價值,因此就理論上而言,利用資產(chǎn)所代表的利益換取現(xiàn)金收益,就金融原則而言是可行的。例如公司可以透過買賣土地換取現(xiàn)金,也可以將該筆土地作為擔保,向銀行貸款,換取現(xiàn)金。所有的資產(chǎn)對公司而言都代表著特定經(jīng)濟上的利益,然而相較于有形的土地、廠房、原物料等資產(chǎn)來說,知識產(chǎn)權(quán)此類無形資產(chǎn)的變現(xiàn)性似乎是最低的,彷佛除了買賣之外,別無其它變現(xiàn)的方法。但盡管如此,美國、歐洲,以及臺灣地區(qū)都已經(jīng)開始透過相關(guān)法規(guī)的擬訂,具體的實踐并體現(xiàn)知識產(chǎn)權(quán)所代表的經(jīng)濟價值。從早期開始的利用知識產(chǎn)權(quán)做為融資擔保的標的,發(fā)展到近幾年來以知識產(chǎn)權(quán)所能產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流量作為基礎(chǔ),發(fā)行有價證券。改革開放以來,除了經(jīng)濟活動漸次發(fā)達提升之外,各項法制建設(shè)工作也正在積極的規(guī)劃進行中。自從商標法、專利法、著作權(quán)法、反不當競爭法、植物新品種保護條例、集成電路布圖設(shè)計保護條例、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)海關(guān)保護條例等一系列關(guān)于知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護的法規(guī)陸續(xù)出臺,至此可謂已初步建立具體的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)法律體系。透過這樣一個法律體系的保護,知識產(chǎn)權(quán)才能體現(xiàn)出其作為一種受法律保障之利益。如此一來,知識產(chǎn)權(quán)屬于財產(chǎn)權(quán)的本質(zhì)會更加明顯,降低了權(quán)利人對于知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的維護成本。 此外,近幾年來,在上海、武漢等地陸續(xù)成立的技術(shù)交易市場,各類知識產(chǎn)權(quán)以及其它技術(shù)與其它無形資產(chǎn)透過該種市場的交易量,逐年攀升,因此將知識產(chǎn)權(quán)本身做為一種商品進行買賣,對于中國民眾而言,并不是一件新鮮事。因此利用知識產(chǎn)權(quán)為基礎(chǔ)所衍生出其它的金融操作模式,例如以知識產(chǎn)權(quán)作擔保,向銀行貸款,或是進行所謂的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)證券化等行為,對于中國民眾來說,應(yīng)當也是一件容易理解、習(xí)慣與接受的方式。因此,中國如能把握時機,審酌中國國情之需要,順勢研擬以知識產(chǎn)權(quán)做為融資擔�；蚴亲C券化之標的,不但能大大降低相關(guān)金融活動摸索試驗的風(fēng)險,也可有效刺激企業(yè)對于本身所擁有知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的利用,非但對企業(yè)本身創(chuàng)造利益,也可以對中國整體經(jīng)濟發(fā)展做出貢獻。因此激起本文針對如何規(guī)劃以及規(guī)范以知識產(chǎn)權(quán)之利益做為融資或是證券化之基礎(chǔ)資產(chǎn)等相關(guān)法律議題,作為本文探索的主軸。 大抵而言,中國企業(yè)對外募集資金的方式不外乎是以向融資者取得貸款、發(fā)行公司債、依法進行公開上市、對特定對象進行私募,以及吸引創(chuàng)投資金(venture capital,中國也稱之為風(fēng)險投資)等幾種。這幾種對外募集資金的方式中,可能需要企業(yè)提供擔保物的模式,就是第一種,向融資者取得貸款時。所有的融資者幾乎都會要求借款的企業(yè)提供擔保,無論是動產(chǎn)、不動產(chǎn),或是由第三人提供信用擔保。從本文先前的研究已經(jīng)得知,依照美日等國家的運作模式,除了銀行之外,私人的財務(wù)金融公司,也可以進行此類服務(wù)的提供,接受企業(yè)利用知識產(chǎn)權(quán)做為擔保,而給予資金。因此,首先要檢討的是,以目前中國的法制規(guī)劃中,能夠接受知識產(chǎn)權(quán)做為融資擔保,并且給予貸款的機構(gòu),有沒有任何資格或是條件上的限制。 中華人民共和國擔保法第七十五條第三款規(guī)定:“依法可以轉(zhuǎn)讓的商標專用權(quán)、專利權(quán)、著作權(quán)中的財產(chǎn)權(quán)可以質(zhì)押�！贝艘粭l文已經(jīng)成為國內(nèi)關(guān)于利用知識產(chǎn)權(quán)得做為擔保標的的共識。從這一條條文中,可以得出兩個重點:第一,以目前中國法制而言,知識產(chǎn)權(quán)可以作為融資擔保的標的,而且法律明文承認得作為知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的標的,只有可以轉(zhuǎn)讓的商標專用權(quán)、專利權(quán),以及著作財產(chǎn)權(quán)。第二,知識產(chǎn)權(quán)提供融資擔保的方式是設(shè)定質(zhì)權(quán)。在這樣一種根本原則性的規(guī)范條文之后,擔保法第七十九條又規(guī)定了有關(guān)利用知識產(chǎn)權(quán)進行融資擔保的程序性規(guī)范:“以依法可以轉(zhuǎn)讓的商標專用權(quán)、專利權(quán)、著作權(quán)中的財產(chǎn)權(quán)出質(zhì)的,出質(zhì)人與質(zhì)權(quán)人應(yīng)訂立書面合同,并向其管理部門辦理出質(zhì)登記。質(zhì)押合同自登記出質(zhì)之日起生效。”在這樣的法律基礎(chǔ)上,國家版權(quán)局、工商行政管理局以及先前的專利局,先后頒布了著作權(quán)質(zhì)押登記條例、商標權(quán)質(zhì)押登記條例,以及專利權(quán)質(zhì)押登記條例。看起來中國對于利用知識產(chǎn)權(quán)進行融資擔保的問題,已經(jīng)在實質(zhì)上做出了肯定的規(guī)范,同時也做出了程序上配套規(guī)定的要求,然而這樣幾條規(guī)定,以及幾個質(zhì)押登記條例,其實是不足以規(guī)范融資者接受知識產(chǎn)權(quán)做為融資擔保需求的。一般學(xué)者在研究關(guān)于知識產(chǎn)權(quán)出質(zhì)的問題時,多從傳統(tǒng)民商法的概念來加以研究說明,但是卻忽略了知識產(chǎn)權(quán)在本質(zhì)上異于傳統(tǒng)物權(quán)以及債權(quán),而是屬于現(xiàn)代法律學(xué)上一種新的重要的財產(chǎn)權(quán)利。本文即針對利用知識產(chǎn)權(quán)設(shè)定質(zhì)權(quán)做為融資擔保的幾項重要議題,并且在本文各章節(jié)的研究基礎(chǔ)之上,草擬《知識產(chǎn)權(quán)融資擔保法》草案,以提供各界參考。
[Abstract]:Twenty years ago, the intellectual property law education in school is just embellishment vase; in business transactions, it is only incidentally accessories. However with the change of the structure of the whole industry, by virtue of the traditional manufacturing industry to obtain commercial profit pattern, gradually fade out from the advanced countries, instead of focusing on knowledge of science and technology the industry, as well as various types of cultural and creative leisure industry, people's livelihood. At this time, we suddenly discovered that the overall focus of commercial value, already from the land, capital resources and equipment, transfer to the intellectual property rights. It suddenly becomes the most important subject of intellectual property transactions of the modern commercial society. In 1970s, SP500 company the market value and book value (market-book ratio) the average value is about 1, but by 2000, the average value is about 6; in other words, in each of the six yuan price of intangible assets. The production value is accounted for five yuan, accounting for intangible assets of the company's market capitalisation of 83.3%. intellectual property rights has become one of the major assets of the company, it is no longer because of the lack of land plant like entity and neglected by people, on the contrary, the intellectual property rights in the current business and economy, has been more and more specific, although touch no, but the intellectual property itself for economic interests, but has been specific to no one can ignore it.
The great economic significance but many problems are also from the intellectual property behind may be hidden and produce. In many advanced countries, has gradually shifted from the traditional old economy, to become the era of "knowledge economy", so the traditional to factory equipment, land, labor, and the importance of raw material supply in the process of asset. The operation of the enterprise, already from the first line to the second line, it is the use of human thought, technology or creative intellectual property, has become a major source of profit. Many enterprises so as to effectively promote the development of knowledge economy, and fully grasp the characteristics of intellectual property rights, the use of intellectual property rights as the media, should be China helps get rid of the traditional manufacturing economy. Intellectual property itself is highly, and can be quantified by specific economic value, is a matter of no doubt. There are a lot of intellectual property Right in the China various technical trading market, flourishing trade by selling the original intellectual property rights making a lot of money for the rights of indigenous people, is an indisputable fact. But the use of intellectual property rights for specific, in exchange for cash, it seems that in addition to complete sale transfer of intellectual property rights, to use the intellectual property to get other interests in financial markets, such as collateral to bank loans, or intellectual property as land, plant general assets, through the way of asset securitization to raise funds in China is a law allows, but the financial practice on the lack of a standard.
Since intellectual property is like other enterprise specific assets all in general, with specific economic value, so in theory, the use of assets represent the interests of cash income, it is feasible to financial principles. For example the company can through the sale of land in exchange for cash, can also be the amount of land as collateral to bank loans., in exchange for cash. All assets for the company to represent specific economic interests, but compared to the tangible land, plant, materials and other assets, intellectual property of such intangible assets become the seems to be the lowest, as in the sale, no other cash. But even so, the United States, Europe, and Taiwan have begun through the relevant laws and regulations to practice and reflect the intellectual property rights represent economic value. The beginning of the use of intellectual property from the early Right is the sign of the financing guarantee, to the development of cash flow in recent years with the intellectual property created as a basis for issuing securities. Since the reform and opening up, in addition to economic activities gradually developed to enhance the construction of legal system, the work is also actively planning. Since the trademark law, patent law, copyright right law, anti unfair competition law, regulations on the protection of new plant varieties, regulations on the protection of integrated circuit layout design, the Customs Protection of intellectual property rights and a series of regulations on protection of intellectual property rights laws and regulations have been introduced, so far it has been established with the legal system of intellectual property protection. Through such a legal system, intellectual property rights to reflects its interests as a protected by law. As a result, the nature of intellectual property belongs to property rights will be more obvious, reduces the maintenance cost of human rights for intellectual property rights.
In addition, in recent years, in Shanghai, Wuhan and other places have set up the technology market, all kinds of intellectual property and other technology and other intangible assets through the trading volume, the market is rising year by year, so the intellectual property itself as a commodity trading, for China people, is not a new therefore. The use of intellectual property rights as the basis derived from other financial operation mode, such as intellectual property as collateral, to bank loans, or Intellectual Property Securitization Act called for China, people should also be easy to understand, habits and accept. Therefore, China can grasp time trial needs action China conditions, homeopathy research intends to intellectual property rights as a financing guarantee or securitization subject, not only can greatly reduce the risk of financial activities related experiments, also can effectively stimulate Companies for the use of their intellectual property rights, not only to the enterprise itself to create interest, can also contribute to the overall economic development. Therefore Chinese aroused according to planning and specification in the interests of intellectual property rights for financing or securitization of assets and other related legal issues, as the exploration of the spindle.
Probably, Chinese foreign enterprises to raise funds the way is nothing more than to get loans to financing, issuing corporate bonds, according to the law of public, private to the specific object, as well as to attract venture capital (also known as venture capital, Chinese venture capital) several. These foreign funds raised in the way, may need to provide collateral mode, is the first, to obtain loans financing. All financing will provide almost guaranteed loan business, whether it is real estate, real estate, or provide credit guarantee by third. From the previous research has learned that, in accordance with the operation mode of the US and Japan other countries, in addition to banks, private financial companies can also provide such services, accept the use of intellectual property as collateral, and grant funds. Therefore, first of all to review is to. In the legal planning of the former China, there are no qualifications or restrictions on the institutions that can accept intellectual property as a financing guarantee and to give loans.
People's Republic of China security law seventy-fifth paragraph third: "the right to exclusive use of trademarks, patent rights can be transferred according to law, the copyright in the property right can be pledged. This article has been on the use of intellectual property as guaranty's consensus. From this article, we can draw two points: first at present, China legal system, intellectual property rights can be used as the sign of the financing guarantee, and the law expressly acknowledge as the intellectual property rights of the subject, right, trademark can only transfer the patent right, copyright and intellectual property rights. Second, provide financing guarantee mode is a pledge. After such a fundamental the principle of regulation, the guarantee law seventy-ninth and the relevant provisions of the financing guarantee of the intellectual property right procedural norms:" transferable according to law are the exclusive right to use a trademark, patent Right, copyright pledge, the pledger and the pledgee shall conclude a written contract, and to the management department for the registration of pledge. The pledge contract shall come into force as of the date of registration of the matter. "In this legal basis, the national copyright administration, administrative Industrial and Commercial Bureau and previous Patent Bureau, has promulgated the copyright Pledge Registration Ordinance, regulations of registration of trademark right pledge, and patent pledge registration ordinance. Chinese looks for financing guarantee using intellectual property rights, has made certain norms in essence, but also made the program supporting the requirements, but so few rules, and several pledge registration regulations, in fact, is not enough to regulate the financing of intellectual property rights to accept the financing guarantee demand. Scholars in the study on quality of intellectual property rights issues, from the traditional concept of civil law. Research, but ignored the essence of intellectual property is different from the traditional real right and creditor's rights, but to the modern legal science is a new and important property rights. This paper is to use the intellectual property pledge to do several important issues for financing guarantee, and on the basis of each chapter of this article, draft "the draft secured financing of intellectual property law", in order to provide reference of all walks of life.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2006
【分類號】：D912.29;D913

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