本文選題：法律適用　切入點(diǎn)：碰撞　出處：《上海海事大學(xué)》2006年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：船舶油污造成的損害，常使財(cái)產(chǎn)、環(huán)境等遭受難以承受和難以恢復(fù)的損失。所以無論是國(guó)際方面還是各個(gè)石油進(jìn)出口大國(guó)都有制訂相關(guān)的船舶油污損害賠償機(jī)制，以期將補(bǔ)償和責(zé)任控制在最合理有效的范圍內(nèi)。 我國(guó)作為石油進(jìn)出口大國(guó)至今沒有形成完整的油污損害賠償機(jī)制。相關(guān)的法律分布在不同的法律、法規(guī)中，因?yàn)槊坎糠�、法�?guī)的立法都有自己的目的，因而實(shí)際引用時(shí)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)理解上的誤差或不統(tǒng)一。本文將從我國(guó)油污損害賠償案件的司法實(shí)踐出發(fā)，從多個(gè)角度分析我國(guó)在沒有建立起專門的油污立法前的法律適用以及在碰撞引起的油污事故時(shí)的責(zé)任承擔(dān)原則，其中將涉及油污法律關(guān)系的諸多性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)以及其民事責(zé)任承擔(dān)上的特點(diǎn)。筆者認(rèn)為油污損害賠償屬于我國(guó)《海商法》規(guī)定的限制性債權(quán)，可以依據(jù)《海商法》第11章的規(guī)定限制責(zé)任，同時(shí)應(yīng)明確含有涉外因素的油污損害賠償適用我國(guó)已參加的《1969年國(guó)際油污損害民事責(zé)任公約》及1992年議定書。因碰撞導(dǎo)致的油污事故應(yīng)遵循“誰漏油誰賠償”以及連帶責(zé)任的原則，因?yàn)榕鲎埠陀臀蹞p害是兩個(gè)不同的法律關(guān)系。當(dāng)然，解決我國(guó)油污損害賠償案件中存在問題的最根本方法是在理論上充分理清其性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)以后，借鑒國(guó)際公約和各成熟的油污損害賠償機(jī)制，依據(jù)我國(guó)的現(xiàn)有國(guó)情，制訂適合我國(guó)的獨(dú)立的油污損害賠償機(jī)制。 本文將介紹國(guó)際上國(guó)際公約體系和兩個(gè)典型的依國(guó)內(nèi)法建立起來的成熟完整的船舶油污賠償責(zé)任機(jī)制．國(guó)際海事組織(IMO)先后制訂了以下有關(guān)油污損害賠償?shù)膰?guó)際公約：《1969年國(guó)際油污損害民事責(zé)任公約》規(guī)定了油污損害民事責(zé)任和賠償?shù)幕A(chǔ)；《1971年國(guó)際油污損害賠償責(zé)任基金公約》規(guī)定了由石油進(jìn)出口公司攤款向油污受害人提供補(bǔ)充性賠償；《1996年國(guó)際海上運(yùn)輸有毒有害物質(zhì)損害責(zé)任和賠償公約》和《2001年國(guó)際燃油污染損害民事責(zé)任公約》分別就非持久性油類和船用燃油的污染事故做出了相關(guān)民事責(zé)任的規(guī)定。這幾個(gè)國(guó)際公約共同構(gòu)建了國(guó)際油污損害賠償責(zé)任機(jī)制，奠定了國(guó)際油污損害賠償機(jī)制的基石。除了國(guó)際公約體系外，還有依照國(guó)內(nèi)法建立的賠償機(jī)制，比如完全依照國(guó)內(nèi)一整套油污賠償機(jī)制運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的美國(guó)以及將國(guó)際條約與國(guó)內(nèi)立法相結(jié)合的加拿大的賠償機(jī)制。這些賠償機(jī)制基本上是以油污責(zé)任人的嚴(yán)格責(zé)任制，責(zé)任人的責(zé)任限制，船舶所有人的強(qiáng)制保險(xiǎn)和賠償基金為基本內(nèi)容的。 依照我國(guó)現(xiàn)有的國(guó)情，我國(guó)適宜借鑒如美國(guó)的完全按照國(guó)內(nèi)法建立起來的船舶油污損害賠償責(zé)任機(jī)制。只不過我國(guó)目前的賠償水平還比較低，在責(zé)任限額和補(bǔ)償基金以及強(qiáng)制保險(xiǎn)等諸多方面的設(shè)立上都應(yīng)以我國(guó)的國(guó)情為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究并加以確定。
[Abstract]:Damage caused by oil pollution from ships often causes unbearable and unrecoverable losses to property and environment. Therefore, both international and major oil importing and exporting countries have formulated relevant mechanisms for compensation for oil pollution damage from ships. In order to control compensation and liability in the most reasonable and effective range. China, as a major oil import and export country, has not yet formed a complete compensation mechanism for oil pollution damage. Relevant laws are distributed in different laws and regulations, because each law and regulation legislation has its own purpose. Therefore, there are often errors or inconsistency in understanding when actually quoted. This paper will proceed from the judicial practice of oil pollution compensation cases in our country. This paper analyzes the principle of liability in the event of oil pollution accident caused by collision in our country before the establishment of special oil pollution legislation. The author thinks that the compensation for oil pollution damage belongs to the restrictive creditor's rights stipulated in the Maritime Law of our country. May limit liability in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 11 of the Maritime Code, At the same time, it should be made clear that the compensation for oil pollution damage involving foreign factors should be applied to the International Convention on Civil liability for Oil pollution damage of 1969 and the Protocol of 1992, to which China is a party. And the principle of joint and several liability, Because collision and oil pollution damage are two different legal relationships. Of course, the most fundamental way to solve the problems in oil pollution compensation cases in China is to fully clarify their nature and characteristics in theory. Drawing lessons from international conventions and mature compensation mechanisms for oil pollution damage, an independent compensation mechanism for oil pollution damage suitable for our country is formulated according to the existing conditions of our country. This paper will introduce the system of international conventions and two typical mature and complete liability mechanisms for oil pollution from ships established in accordance with domestic law. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has successively drawn up the following international regulations on compensation for oil pollution damage. Convention: the International Convention on Civil liability for Oil pollution damage of 1969 provides the basis for civil liability and compensation for oil pollution damage; the Convention on the International Fund for liability for Oil pollution damage of 1971 provides for the payment of contributions by the Oil Import and Export Corporation to the victims of oil pollution. Provision of supplementary compensation; the Convention on liability and compensation for damage to the International Carriage of toxic and harmful substances by Sea of 1996 and the International Convention on Civil liability for Oil pollution damage of 2001 in respect of non-persistent oil and marine fuel pollution accidents, respectively. The relevant provisions on civil liability. These international conventions jointly set up an international liability mechanism for oil pollution damage. Established the cornerstone of the international oil pollution compensation mechanism. In addition to the international convention system, there are also compensation mechanisms established in accordance with domestic law. For example, the United States, which operates entirely in accordance with the domestic oil pollution compensation mechanism, and the Canadian compensation mechanism, which combines international treaties with domestic legislation. These compensation mechanisms are basically based on strict accountability of those responsible for oil pollution. The liability of the responsible person is limited, and the compulsory insurance and compensation fund for the owner of the ship is the basic content. According to the current situation of our country, our country is suitable to learn from the liability mechanism for oil pollution damage of ships established in full accordance with domestic law in the United States. However, the current level of compensation in our country is still relatively low. The establishment of liability limit, compensation fund and compulsory insurance should be based on the situation of our country.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海海事大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2006
【分類號(hào)】：D922.294;D923

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條

1 賀曉霞;沿海典型性外向型行業(yè)環(huán)境污染補(bǔ)償策略探討[D];中國(guó)海洋大學(xué);2011年

2 韓睿;船舶油污損害賠償?shù)姆蓡栴}[D];山東科技大學(xué);2008年

3 張R，

本文編號(hào)：1593683