本文關(guān)鍵詞： 電子數(shù)據(jù)交換 SeaDocs方案 電子提單規(guī)則 Bolero方案 物權(quán)憑證 讓與機(jī)制 電子證據(jù)　出處：《華東政法學(xué)院》2006年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 紙面提單已經(jīng)跟不上國際航運業(yè)的發(fā)展步伐。應(yīng)當(dāng)從改變提單流轉(zhuǎn)的方式入手,使得其流轉(zhuǎn)更迅捷、更安全、更低廉,同時又保證提單傳統(tǒng)功能的實現(xiàn)。大部分發(fā)達(dá)國家開始在海運領(lǐng)域廣泛使用電子數(shù)據(jù)交換技術(shù),紙面運輸單證逐步消亡,在這一國際發(fā)展趨勢下,我國的法律界應(yīng)當(dāng)盡早作好應(yīng)對的準(zhǔn)備,確立電子提單的應(yīng)用方案,并進(jìn)行相關(guān)的立法,從而為電子提單的應(yīng)用鋪平道路。 從20世紀(jì)60年代起恰逢計算機(jī)技術(shù)開始了迅猛發(fā)展,計算機(jī)作為一種現(xiàn)代化的管理和通訊手段正越來越深入地影響到社會的各個領(lǐng)域。在此基礎(chǔ)上出現(xiàn)了EDI,海運領(lǐng)域最初的嘗試就是SeaDocs方案。此后又有兩次重要的嘗試:一是國際海事委員會的電子提單規(guī)則,二是Bolero方案。此外國際上對于電子提單的立法也作了一些有益的嘗試。 電子提單是指法律明確規(guī)定的承運人可以通過電子數(shù)據(jù)交換系統(tǒng)(網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信系統(tǒng))將借助于特定計算機(jī)程序數(shù)據(jù)化后的傳統(tǒng)提單信息發(fā)送到相對方或第三方的計算機(jī)終端上,并借助于該特定程序還可以還原為傳統(tǒng)提單信息的有關(guān)海上貨物運輸合同內(nèi)容的符合約定或法定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一組數(shù)據(jù)電文。電子提單與傳統(tǒng)提單相比具有很多的優(yōu)勢。 到現(xiàn)在為止,國際上還沒有一部普遍適用的專門的電子提單法。只有一些帶有示范性質(zhì)的、對電子提單有參考適用性質(zhì)的、當(dāng)事方可以選擇適用的法律范本。如聯(lián)合國國際貿(mào)易法委員會在1996年頒布的《電子商務(wù)示范法》、聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易法委員會在2001年頒布的《電子簽名示范法》等。美國、英國,就海商法領(lǐng)域而言,在沒有立法或司法判例明確規(guī)定的情況下,電子提單仍很難被認(rèn)定為提單或物權(quán)憑證,但正在通過對法律的修訂來彌補這一缺陷。澳大利亞、加拿大則已經(jīng)基本上承認(rèn)了電子提單。法國、德國、韓國、新加坡、香港這些國家和地區(qū)走在了電子商務(wù)立法的最前沿,對于電子提單的應(yīng)用可能會采取較為寬容的態(tài)度。 SeaDocs方案中出現(xiàn)的第三方以登記人和保證人的身份出現(xiàn),為我們解決可轉(zhuǎn)讓提單電子化的法律問題提供了一個突破口。國際海事委員會的電子提單規(guī)則就傳統(tǒng)提單要求的書面和簽字的法律要件提供了一種替代解決方法,即由承運人給持有人一個密碼,該密碼持有人享有與提單持有人同等的權(quán)利。Bolero通過規(guī)則手冊實現(xiàn)電子提單的應(yīng)用,規(guī)則手冊的合同性質(zhì)將準(zhǔn)據(jù)法指向英國法,Bolero的用戶可以通過規(guī)則手冊選擇英國法院管轄。以Bolero方案為代表的電子提單方案成本費用較高,給進(jìn)一步推廣應(yīng)用帶來了障礙。國際海事委員會的電子提單規(guī)則加重了承運人的責(zé)任,實踐中幾乎無人問津。 我國應(yīng)當(dāng)以Bolero方案為發(fā)展目標(biāo),但是不能排斥當(dāng)事人通過自己的約定來使用電子提單。我國要建立真正意義上的電子提單機(jī)制,必須進(jìn)行相應(yīng)配套的立法,在法律上明確承認(rèn)電子提單,并規(guī)定電子提單采用的方案及其流轉(zhuǎn)的機(jī)制、當(dāng)事人的法律地位及其權(quán)利義務(wù)、與電子提單實現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)功能有關(guān)的法律問題、法律責(zé)任的承擔(dān)以及管轄等程序性事項,從而讓海上貨物運輸?shù)漠?dāng)事人在法律的庇護(hù)下堂堂正正的使用電子提單而不是通過自己的約定來間接的使用電子提單。實施類似于Bolero的方案需要做好以下一些方面的立法工作:提供電子數(shù)據(jù)交換平臺的中問服務(wù)商的法律地位問題;中間服務(wù)商的設(shè)立及其解散;中間服務(wù)商的運作模式;中間服務(wù)商與接受服務(wù)人員的法律關(guān)系;中間服務(wù)商的權(quán)利和義務(wù);中間服務(wù)商的法律責(zé)任;對中間服務(wù)商采用技術(shù)的規(guī)定;對中間服務(wù)商法律上的支持等。因為電子提單的出現(xiàn),可能至少使三類糾紛的管轄發(fā)生新的變化,這三類糾紛是:海上貨物運輸合同糾紛;涉及電子提單的買賣合同糾紛;當(dāng)事人與提供電子數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)牡谌酥g的委托服務(wù)合同糾紛。 事實上實現(xiàn)電子提單的廣泛運用任重而道遠(yuǎn),還有許多問題需要進(jìn)一步研究,如技術(shù)問題、安全保障問題等。
[Abstract]:The pace of development of paper bills of lading has not complied with the international shipping industry. We should start from the change of the transfer of the bill of lading, the transfer is faster, safer, cheaper, and ensure the realization of the traditional bill of lading function. Most of the developed countries began the widespread use of electronic data interchange technology in the field of maritime transport documents, the paper gradually disappear, in this international development trend, the law of our country should be ready for use as soon as possible, establish the electronic bill of lading, and related legislation, so as to pave the way for the application of electronic bill of lading.
From 1960s onwards coincides with the computer technology began rapid development of computer, as a modern means of communication and management is more and more deeply affected various fields of society. The emergence of EDI on the basis of this, the initial attempt is SeaDocs. The field of transport and two important attempts: one is the rules for electronic bills of lading the International Maritime Committee, two is the Bolero program. In addition to the international electronic bill of lading legislation has made some useful attempts.
The electronic bill of lading refers to the legal system of the carrier can be exchanged through electronic data (network communication system) will be sent with the help of data for a particular computer program after the traditional bill of lading information to the computer terminal party or third party, comply with the contract or the legal standard of a set of data messages and with the help of the specific program can also restore as the traditional bill of lading information about contract of carriage of goods by sea. The content of the electronic bill of lading and has many advantages compared to the traditional bill of lading.
Until now, the world has not a special law of electronic bill of lading generally applicable. Only some demonstrative nature, with reference to the application of properties of electronic bill of lading, the parties can choose the law applicable model. Such as e-commerce law > the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law promulgated in 1996 ", United China Trade Law Committee in 2001 promulgated the" model law on electronic signature. The United States Britain ", on the field of maritime law, in the absence of legislation or judicial precedent specified, the electronic bill of lading is still difficult to be identified as a bill of lading or property certificates, but through amendments to the law is to compensate for this defect. Australia, Canada has basically admitted that the electronic bill of lading. France, Germany, South Korea, Singapore, Hongkong these countries and regions on the forefront of electronic commerce legislation, for the application of the electronic bill of lading may Take a more tolerant attitude.
The SeaDocs scheme in the third party to the registration and ensure the identity of the person, provides a breakthrough for us to solve the legal issues of electronic bill of lading can be. The rules for electronic bills of lading International Maritime Committee on the legal condition of the traditional bill of lading required written and signed to provide an alternative solution to the carrier, i.e. the holder of a password, the password holders enjoy equal rights and the holder of the bill of lading by.Bolero rules manual application of electronic bill of lading, the nature of the contract will be governed by the rule book to the British law, Bolero users can choose the jurisdiction of the English courts. The rule book with the Bolero as the representative of the electronic bill of lading for high cost, bring the obstacle to further application. Rules for electronic bills of lading International Maritime Committee increase the liability of the carrier, in practice almost no one Ask.
Our country should be based on the Bolero scheme for the development goals, but can not exclude the parties through their own agreed to use electronic bill of lading. China should establish a mechanism for the true meaning of the electronic bill of lading, must carry on the corresponding supporting legislation, clear recognition of electronic bill of lading in law, regulations and mechanism of the scheme and the circulation of electronic bill of lading, parties the legal status and rights and obligations, the legal problems about the traditional functions and electronic bill of lading, liability, jurisdiction and procedural matters, so that the carriage of goods by sea of the law under the aegis of the use of electronic bill of lading dignified and imposing rather than the use of electronic bill of lading through their agreement to indirectly. The implementation is similar to the Bolero program need to do the following aspects: the legal status of legislation providing ask service providers exchange platform of electronic data in question; Set up between service providers and service providers dissolved; operation mode; legal relationship between service providers and service personnel to accept the rights and obligations; service providers; legal responsibility among service providers; the provisions of the intermediate service providers using the technology of commercial law; intermediate service support. Because of the emergence of electronic bill of lading the jurisdiction may at least three types of disputes the new change, the three kinds of disputes are: the dispute of contract of carriage of goods by sea; relates to the electronic bill of lading contract dispute; commissioned service contract dispute parties and provide electronic data transmission between the third.
In fact, the extensive use of electronic bills of lading is a long way to go, and many problems need to be further studied, such as technical problems, security issues and so on.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2006
【分類號】：D922.29

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 劉釗;電子提單流轉(zhuǎn)模式法律問題研究[D];大連海事大學(xué);2011年

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本文編號：1534408