【摘要】：現(xiàn)代生活中新聞媒體對(duì)于社會(huì)各方面的影響日益加重。人們獲取新聞信息越來越迅速,世界各個(gè)角落瞬間發(fā)生的事件,也許沒過幾秒就會(huì)成為新聞?lì)^條,成為人們討論的焦點(diǎn),正是由于媒體的這一特性使其成為了監(jiān)督社會(huì)不良現(xiàn)象最有效的武器之一。盡管媒體輿論監(jiān)督的作用極其重要,但這并不意味著此種權(quán)利是不受任何限制的,媒體權(quán)利的不當(dāng)使用很容易會(huì)給被報(bào)道者造成傷害。如何利用好這一把“雙刃劍”,使其充分發(fā)揮輿論監(jiān)督職能的同時(shí)又能避免侵害公民的權(quán)利,特別是避免公民被新聞媒體肆意報(bào)道而失去個(gè)人名譽(yù)的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生是急切需要解決的問題。近年來因新聞報(bào)道而引發(fā)的訴訟在數(shù)量上呈現(xiàn)不斷增加的趨勢(shì),特別是關(guān)于名譽(yù)權(quán)的案件。媒體輿論監(jiān)督和個(gè)人名譽(yù)權(quán)的沖突問題已成為了新聞界、法學(xué)界研究的重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域。我國(guó)的法律體系中對(duì)于侵犯名譽(yù)權(quán)的行為規(guī)定的比較完善,而與此對(duì)比,在新聞?lì)I(lǐng)域,相關(guān)的法律法規(guī)卻很少,由于法律的缺位,導(dǎo)致對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)中的輿論監(jiān)督與名譽(yù)權(quán)沖突沒有形成有效的規(guī)制。針對(duì)媒體輿論監(jiān)督和名譽(yù)權(quán)之間的理論沖突,以及司法實(shí)踐中存在的些矛盾,筆者在借鑒前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,提出了自己的一些思考。在文章的第一部分介紹了媒體輿論監(jiān)督與名譽(yù)權(quán)的基本法理以及保護(hù)該兩種權(quán)利之意義；第二部分闡述了媒體輿論監(jiān)督與侵犯名譽(yù)權(quán)之間發(fā)生沖突的原因,首先在于其具有不同權(quán)利“價(jià)值”,解決的關(guān)鍵在于兩種權(quán)利的權(quán)衡；其次是因?yàn)槲覈?guó)相關(guān)法律規(guī)定保障環(huán)節(jié)薄弱所致。同時(shí)指出現(xiàn)階段我國(guó)在面臨媒體輿論監(jiān)督侵犯名譽(yù)權(quán)沖突時(shí),應(yīng)采用“利益平衡理論”,使得輿論監(jiān)督的力量發(fā)揮到最大化,同時(shí)對(duì)于個(gè)體名譽(yù)權(quán)的影響最小,要做到這一點(diǎn),實(shí)踐中要設(shè)置有效的取舍機(jī)制,將兩者納入到整個(gè)社會(huì)緯度中來；第三部分筆者對(duì)正當(dāng)輿論監(jiān)督與侵犯名譽(yù)權(quán)的邊界進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的探討,并提出了相應(yīng)的判斷原則：第一,媒體輿論監(jiān)督侵犯名譽(yù)權(quán)的表現(xiàn)形式；第二,因果關(guān)系的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；第三,媒體主觀過錯(cuò)的認(rèn)定；第四,媒體的抗辯事由。上述四個(gè)方面是權(quán)衡兩種權(quán)利沖突的最基本的也是最重要的問題。與此同時(shí),在新聞五要素里面新聞?wù)鎸?shí)是最重要的要素,在媒體侵害名譽(yù)權(quán)案件中新聞失真也是最重要的侵權(quán)行為,所以筆者重點(diǎn)分析了新聞報(bào)道的失真以及如何區(qū)分客觀真實(shí)、法律真實(shí)以及新聞?wù)鎸?shí)等問題。
[Abstract]:In modern life, the influence of news media on all aspects of society is becoming more and more serious. People get news information more and more quickly, and the instantaneous events in every corner of the world may become headlines and the focus of discussion in a few seconds. It is precisely because of this characteristic of the media that it has become one of the most effective weapons to monitor bad social phenomena. Although the role of media supervision by public opinion is extremely important, this does not mean that this right is unrestricted, and the improper use of media rights can easily cause harm to the reported. How to make good use of this "double-edged sword" so that it can give full play to the supervision function of public opinion and avoid infringing on the rights of citizens at the same time. In particular, it is an urgent problem to avoid the loss of personal reputation caused by the wanton coverage of citizens by the news media. In recent years, the number of litigation caused by news reports has shown an increasing trend, especially on the right of reputation. The conflict between the supervision of media public opinion and the right of personal reputation has become the focus of media and legal research. In the legal system of our country, the provisions on the infringement of the right of reputation are relatively perfect, but in contrast, in the field of news, there are few relevant laws and regulations, because of the absence of the law. As a result, there is no effective regulation between the supervision of public opinion and the conflict of reputation rights in reality. In view of the theoretical conflict between the supervision of media public opinion and the right of reputation, as well as some contradictions in judicial practice, the author puts forward some thoughts on the basis of previous studies. In the first part of the article, it introduces the basic legal principle of media supervision by public opinion and the right of reputation and the significance of protecting these two rights. The second part expounds the reasons for the conflict between the supervision of media public opinion and the infringement of reputation rights, first of all, it has different rights "value", and the key to solve the problem lies in the trade-off between the two rights. Secondly, it is due to the weak guarantee link of the relevant legal provisions of our country. At the same time, it is pointed out that at present, when our country is faced with the conflict of media public opinion supervision infringing reputation rights, we should adopt the theory of "balance of interests" to maximize the power of public opinion supervision, and at the same time have the least influence on individual reputation rights. In practice, we should set up an effective trade-off mechanism and bring them into the latitude of the whole society. In the third part, the author probes into the boundary between legitimate public opinion supervision and infringement of reputation right in detail, and puts forward the corresponding judgment principles: first, the manifestation form of media public opinion supervision infringing reputation right; second, the judgment standard of causality; Third, the identification of subjective fault of the media; fourth, the reasons for the defense of the media. The above four aspects are the most basic and important issues to weigh the conflict of rights between the two kinds of rights. At the same time, news truth is the most important element in the five elements of news, and news distortion is also the most important tort in the case of media infringement of reputation rights. Therefore, the author focuses on the distortion of news reports and how to distinguish objective truth, legal truth and news truth and so on.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D923

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