我國(guó)“消費(fèi)者”范圍界定的區(qū)域法律比較
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-05-18 10:11
【摘要】：我國(guó)消法在“消費(fèi)者”范圍的界定上存在以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。在消費(fèi)者的主體范圍上,對(duì)消費(fèi)者僅指自然人,還是單位也包括在內(nèi)未加以明確;主觀目的上,對(duì)生活消費(fèi)的判斷缺乏明確的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);客體范圍上,教育、醫(yī)療服務(wù)可否受消法調(diào)整未作規(guī)定。我國(guó)各省級(jí)區(qū)域的相關(guān)立法當(dāng)中,在消費(fèi)者的主體范圍問(wèn)題上,僅有一個(gè)省份規(guī)定消費(fèi)者只包括自然人,三分之一左右的省份直接將單位納入消費(fèi)者的范圍,剩下的省份要么是采取了與消法相似的表述,即未明確消費(fèi)者的主體范圍,要么干脆對(duì)消費(fèi)者概念不作規(guī)定。在對(duì)“生活消費(fèi)”判斷的問(wèn)題上,各省份基本都未作規(guī)定,只有浙江省的規(guī)定中提到了“經(jīng)營(yíng)者提供假冒偽劣商品承擔(dān)加倍賠償責(zé)任的,不得以消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買數(shù)量過(guò)多為由免責(zé)”,表明其對(duì)司法實(shí)踐中以購(gòu)買者購(gòu)買商品數(shù)量判斷是不是知假買假持否定態(tài)度。在對(duì)教育、醫(yī)療服務(wù)是否受消法調(diào)整的問(wèn)題上,很多省份并未全盤肯定或者否定,而是做進(jìn)一步區(qū)分,進(jìn)行不同的規(guī)定,這種做法能為消法的補(bǔ)充以及完善提供非常有意義的借鑒。綜合各省份的相關(guān)規(guī)定以及理論界的相關(guān)觀點(diǎn),對(duì)“消費(fèi)者”范圍的界定,我認(rèn)為,首先,單位應(yīng)該包括在消費(fèi)者范圍內(nèi),將單位視為消費(fèi)者更契合消法的立法宗旨,可以更好地保護(hù)消費(fèi)者,并且較多省份的立法中認(rèn)可單位的消費(fèi)者地位,即使還有部分省份未加以明確、未規(guī)定,但是亦說(shuō)明其并不當(dāng)然否定單位可以視為消費(fèi)者;其次,對(duì)生活消費(fèi)的判斷問(wèn)題上,特別是對(duì)產(chǎn)生較多爭(zhēng)論的知假買假問(wèn)題,盡管國(guó)家工商總局在發(fā)布的《消費(fèi)者權(quán)益保護(hù)法實(shí)施條例(征求意見(jiàn)稿)》中,對(duì)知假買假受消法調(diào)整持否定態(tài)度,但是考慮到知假買假在司法實(shí)踐中難以判斷,知假買假者的主觀目的不影響制假售假者的主觀惡性,且知假買假客觀上能更好地凈化市場(chǎng)環(huán)境,所以個(gè)人認(rèn)為對(duì)此持肯定態(tài)度可能更為合理些;最后,教育、醫(yī)療服務(wù)是否受消法調(diào)整的問(wèn)題,相關(guān)省份的規(guī)定提供了有益的借鑒,即需要對(duì)教育、醫(yī)療服務(wù)的性質(zhì)加以區(qū)分。對(duì)教育服務(wù)而言,可以將非公益性、營(yíng)利性、非學(xué)歷教育納入消法的調(diào)整范圍;對(duì)醫(yī)療服務(wù)而言,可以將營(yíng)利性醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)或者是非營(yíng)利性醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)提供的非基本醫(yī)療服務(wù)納入到消法調(diào)整范圍當(dāng)中。
[Abstract]:There are the following problems in the definition of the scope of "consumer" in the elimination law of our country. In the scope of the subject of the consumer, it is not clear whether the consumer only refers to the natural person, or whether the unit is also included. On the subjective purpose, there is no clear standard for judging the consumption of life. In the scope of object, whether education and medical service can be adjusted by elimination law is not stipulated. Among the relevant legislation in various provincial regions of our country, on the subject scope of consumers, only one province stipulates that consumers only include natural persons, and about 1/3 provinces directly bring units into the scope of consumers. The rest of the provinces have either adopted a similar expression to the elimination law, that is, the scope of the subject of consumers is not clear, or the concept of consumers is simply not regulated. On the issue of judging "living consumption", the provinces have basically not made any provisions, only the provisions of Zhejiang Province mentioned that "operators should bear double liability for providing fake and shoddy goods." Consumers should not be exempted from liability for buying too much, indicating that they hold a negative attitude towards judging whether the buyer buys goods in judicial practice. On the issue of whether education and medical services are subject to the adjustment of elimination laws, many provinces have not fully affirmed or denied them, but have made further distinctions and made different provisions. This method can provide a very meaningful reference for the supplement and perfection of elimination method. Taking into account the relevant provisions of each province and the relevant views of the theoretical circle, and defining the scope of "consumer", I think, first of all, the unit should be included in the scope of consumers, and the unit should be regarded as a consumer more in line with the legislative purpose of the elimination law. It can better protect consumers, and the legislation of more provinces recognizes the consumer status of units, even if some provinces are not clear and unspecified, but it also means that it does not of course deny that units can be regarded as consumers; Secondly, on the judgment of living consumption, especially on the issue of knowing false and buying fake, although the State Administration for Industry and Commerce issued the regulations on the implementation of Consumer Rights and interests Protection Law (draft for soliciting opinions), It holds a negative attitude towards the adjustment of the law of buying and selling forgeries, but considering that it is difficult to judge in judicial practice, the subjective purpose of those who know that counterfeiters do not affect the subjective malignancy of counterfeiters. And know that fake buying fake objective can better purify the market environment, so I think it may be more reasonable to hold a positive attitude towards this; Finally, whether education and medical services are adjusted by elimination law, the provisions of the relevant provinces provide a useful reference, that is, it is necessary to distinguish between education and the nature of medical services. As far as educational services are concerned, non-public welfare, profit-making and non-academic education can be brought into the adjustment scope of elimination law. As far as medical services are concerned, the non-basic medical services provided by for-profit medical institutions or non-profit medical institutions can be included in the scope of elimination adjustment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D923.8
本文編號(hào)：2479908
[Abstract]:There are the following problems in the definition of the scope of "consumer" in the elimination law of our country. In the scope of the subject of the consumer, it is not clear whether the consumer only refers to the natural person, or whether the unit is also included. On the subjective purpose, there is no clear standard for judging the consumption of life. In the scope of object, whether education and medical service can be adjusted by elimination law is not stipulated. Among the relevant legislation in various provincial regions of our country, on the subject scope of consumers, only one province stipulates that consumers only include natural persons, and about 1/3 provinces directly bring units into the scope of consumers. The rest of the provinces have either adopted a similar expression to the elimination law, that is, the scope of the subject of consumers is not clear, or the concept of consumers is simply not regulated. On the issue of judging "living consumption", the provinces have basically not made any provisions, only the provisions of Zhejiang Province mentioned that "operators should bear double liability for providing fake and shoddy goods." Consumers should not be exempted from liability for buying too much, indicating that they hold a negative attitude towards judging whether the buyer buys goods in judicial practice. On the issue of whether education and medical services are subject to the adjustment of elimination laws, many provinces have not fully affirmed or denied them, but have made further distinctions and made different provisions. This method can provide a very meaningful reference for the supplement and perfection of elimination method. Taking into account the relevant provisions of each province and the relevant views of the theoretical circle, and defining the scope of "consumer", I think, first of all, the unit should be included in the scope of consumers, and the unit should be regarded as a consumer more in line with the legislative purpose of the elimination law. It can better protect consumers, and the legislation of more provinces recognizes the consumer status of units, even if some provinces are not clear and unspecified, but it also means that it does not of course deny that units can be regarded as consumers; Secondly, on the judgment of living consumption, especially on the issue of knowing false and buying fake, although the State Administration for Industry and Commerce issued the regulations on the implementation of Consumer Rights and interests Protection Law (draft for soliciting opinions), It holds a negative attitude towards the adjustment of the law of buying and selling forgeries, but considering that it is difficult to judge in judicial practice, the subjective purpose of those who know that counterfeiters do not affect the subjective malignancy of counterfeiters. And know that fake buying fake objective can better purify the market environment, so I think it may be more reasonable to hold a positive attitude towards this; Finally, whether education and medical services are adjusted by elimination law, the provisions of the relevant provinces provide a useful reference, that is, it is necessary to distinguish between education and the nature of medical services. As far as educational services are concerned, non-public welfare, profit-making and non-academic education can be brought into the adjustment scope of elimination law. As far as medical services are concerned, the non-basic medical services provided by for-profit medical institutions or non-profit medical institutions can be included in the scope of elimination adjustment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D923.8
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