【摘要】：冷凍胚胎系輔助生殖技術(shù)實施過程中的產(chǎn)物,其本身的特征和附著其上的倫理意義要求法律做出有別于一般物權(quán)客體的特別規(guī)定。在有關(guān)冷凍胚胎的諸多問題中,最具爭議的便是冷凍胚胎的權(quán)屬確定。我國現(xiàn)行的相關(guān)立法僅限于效力等級較低的部門規(guī)章,不足以應(yīng)對人工生育技術(shù)迅猛發(fā)展的實踐需求,故研究冷凍胚胎的法律定性及權(quán)利歸屬具有較強(qiáng)的實踐意義。理論界對胚胎的法律屬性存在主體說、客體說及中間說的對立,三種觀點的分歧點集中于冷凍胚胎是“人”還是“物”,亦或是非人非物的過渡體。因主體說與中間說均存在缺陷,且客體說能夠滿足立法與實務(wù)需要,故應(yīng)將冷凍胚胎定性為民事客體,并在此基礎(chǔ)上明確該類胚胎的歸屬。確定冷凍胚胎的權(quán)利人應(yīng)充分考慮公序良俗原則及胚胎的生命價值,同時在供體雙方意思自治前提下進(jìn)行。決定胚胎權(quán)屬時,應(yīng)根據(jù)當(dāng)事人有無事先約定區(qū)別對待:當(dāng)事人對冷凍胚胎權(quán)屬有約定時,應(yīng)審查當(dāng)事人意思表示是否真實有效,且應(yīng)允許其在一定條件下行使撤銷權(quán);對權(quán)屬問題未有約定的,應(yīng)考慮供體夫妻離婚后的生育權(quán)行使、供體雙方死亡后的胚胎繼承、無人認(rèn)領(lǐng)時的胚胎銷毀問題等。有關(guān)冷凍胚胎的權(quán)利歸屬不應(yīng)僅在理論界予以明確,還應(yīng)在立法中得到體現(xiàn)。法律應(yīng)當(dāng)規(guī)定冷凍胚胎的保護(hù)機(jī)制,確定冷凍胚胎的定性與歸屬、保存期限及親子關(guān)系問題,并規(guī)范冷凍胚胎在繼承、捐贈與醫(yī)學(xué)研究方面的界限。
[Abstract]:Frozen embryo is a product in the process of implementing assisted reproductive technology. Its own characteristics and the ethical significance attached to it require the law to make special provisions which are different from the general object of real right. Among the many issues concerning frozen embryos, the most controversial issue is the ownership of frozen embryos. The current relevant legislation of our country is only limited to the department regulations with lower grade of effectiveness, which is not enough to meet the practical demand of the rapid development of artificial fertility technology. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the legal characterization and right attribution of frozen embryos. In the theoretical circle, the legal attribute of embryo is subject, the object theory is opposite to the middle theory, and the divergence of the three views is focused on whether the frozen embryo is "human" or "thing", or whether it is a non-human or non-material transitional body. Because of the defects of subject theory and intermediate theory and the fact that object theory can meet the needs of legislation and practice, frozen embryos should be defined as civil objects, and on this basis, the attribution of such embryos should be determined. The right holders of frozen embryos should consider the principle of public order and good custom and the life value of embryos, at the same time, they should be carried out on the premise of the autonomy of the will of both donors. When deciding on embryo ownership, it should be treated differently according to the prior agreement of the parties: when the parties have agreement on the ownership of frozen embryos, they should examine whether the parties' expression of intention is true and effective, and they should be allowed to exercise the right of rescission under certain conditions; If there is no agreement on the issue of ownership, we should consider the exercise of reproductive rights after divorce of donor couples, the inheritance of embryos after the death of both donors, the destruction of embryos when unclaimed, and so on. The right attribution of frozen embryos should not only be clarified in theoretical circles, but also be embodied in legislation. The law should provide for the protection mechanism of frozen embryos, determine the nature and attribution of frozen embryos, the preservation period and parent-child relationship, and regulate the boundaries between inheritance, donation and medical research of frozen embryos.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D923;D922.16

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