發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-10-21 10:16

【摘要】：近些年來,一些監(jiān)護(hù)人侵犯未成年人合法權(quán)益的典型案件時(shí)有發(fā)生,導(dǎo)致未成年人的保護(hù)問題成為社會(huì)焦點(diǎn),社會(huì)各界普遍要求加強(qiáng)對(duì)未成年人的保護(hù),尤其是加強(qiáng)立法,使未成年人的保護(hù)有法可依,加強(qiáng)公權(quán)力的介入,以強(qiáng)制力來保護(hù)弱者,同時(shí)加強(qiáng)社會(huì)組織對(duì)于未成年人的保護(hù)。因此,我國《關(guān)于依法處理監(jiān)護(hù)人侵害未成年人權(quán)益行為的意見》在立法領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行了大膽的嘗試,并在實(shí)際生活中得到了運(yùn)用,而后《民法總則(草案)三審稿》在監(jiān)護(hù)制度上進(jìn)行了一系列的改變和創(chuàng)新,以保護(hù)未成年人的權(quán)益。但是由于法制環(huán)境導(dǎo)致法律思維缺失和中國幾千年的“家事”思想造成的對(duì)未成年子女利益的保護(hù)理念的落后性,我國監(jiān)護(hù)撤銷與恢復(fù)制度仍有較大的制度缺陷。主要表現(xiàn)在我國監(jiān)護(hù)撤銷和恢復(fù)制度比較抽象,缺少具體的規(guī)定,并且缺乏系統(tǒng)性,在實(shí)際適用過程中缺少可操作性。雖然2014年出臺(tái)的《意見》對(duì)監(jiān)護(hù)撤銷和恢復(fù)制度作出具體規(guī)定并進(jìn)行了完善,但是在實(shí)際適用過程中還是存在一些問題,在監(jiān)護(hù)撤銷制度的啟動(dòng)領(lǐng)域方式單一,沒有專門的監(jiān)護(hù)撤銷監(jiān)督人,撤銷監(jiān)護(hù)后的安置問題上缺少具體措施。相對(duì)而言,其他國家盡管在意識(shí)形態(tài)和法律制度傳統(tǒng)上與我國存在區(qū)別,但是對(duì)于國外在監(jiān)護(hù)撤銷和恢復(fù)制度領(lǐng)域的優(yōu)秀成果和經(jīng)驗(yàn),是值得我們借鑒和參考的。本文借鑒外國的優(yōu)秀成果和經(jīng)驗(yàn),提出以下幾點(diǎn)建議,首先建立主動(dòng)撤銷程序以彌補(bǔ)被動(dòng)撤銷制度的不足;其次在監(jiān)護(hù)人資格恢復(fù)制度方面加強(qiáng)可操作性,主要措施為對(duì)申請(qǐng)恢復(fù)的條件進(jìn)行細(xì)致規(guī)定、延長(zhǎng)申請(qǐng)恢復(fù)的期限、建立恢復(fù)制度處理的專門機(jī)構(gòu);然后在監(jiān)護(hù)撤銷制度的監(jiān)督領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行完善,主要方法為設(shè)立專門的司法監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)、明確規(guī)定監(jiān)護(hù)監(jiān)督主體各自的責(zé)任、具體監(jiān)護(hù)監(jiān)督人失職所應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)的法律責(zé)任;最后在撤銷監(jiān)護(hù)后的安置問題上增加具體措施,主要方法表現(xiàn)為國家加大財(cái)政投入完善社會(huì)救助安置體系、健全安置評(píng)估機(jī)制。
[Abstract]:In recent years, some typical cases of guardian infringement on the legal rights and interests of minors have occurred from time to time, leading to the protection of minors become the focus of the society, the community generally calls for the strengthening of the protection of minors, especially the strengthening of legislation. The protection of minors can be governed by law, the intervention of public power should be strengthened, the weak should be protected by coercive force, and the protection of minors by social organizations should be strengthened at the same time. Therefore, China's opinions on dealing with the violation of the rights and interests of minors by guardians according to law have made bold attempts in the field of legislation and have been applied in real life. The third draft of the General principles of Civil Law made a series of changes and innovations in the guardianship system in order to protect the rights and interests of minors. However, due to the lack of legal thinking caused by the legal environment and the backwardness of the idea of protecting the interests of minor children caused by the thought of "family affairs" for thousands of years in China, the system of revocation and restoration of guardianship in China still has great institutional defects. The system of revocation and restoration of guardianship in our country is abstract, lack of specific regulations, lack of systematicness and lack of maneuverability in the process of practical application. Although the opinions issued in 2014 have made specific provisions and perfected the system of revocation and restoration of guardianship, there are still some problems in the practical application process, and the mode of initiation of the system of revocation of guardianship is single. There is no special supervisor for the revocation of guardianship, and lack of specific measures for placement after revocation of guardianship. Comparatively speaking, other countries are different from our country in ideology and legal system in tradition, but the outstanding achievements and experiences of foreign countries in the field of guardianship revocation and restoration system are worthy of our reference and reference. This paper draws lessons from the outstanding achievements and experiences of foreign countries, and puts forward the following suggestions: first, to establish the active revocation procedure to make up for the deficiency of the passive revocation system; secondly, to strengthen the maneuverability in the system of the restoration of guardian qualification. The main measures are to make detailed provisions on the conditions for application for restoration, to extend the time limit for applications for restoration, to establish specialized institutions for handling the restoration system, and then to improve the supervision area of the system of revocation of guardianship. The main methods are to set up a special judicial supervision agency, to define clearly the respective responsibilities of the subject of guardianship supervision, and to specify the legal liability of the specific supervisor for dereliction of duty; finally, to add specific measures to the issue of placement after the revocation of guardianship, The main methods are that the government should increase financial input to perfect the social assistance and resettlement system and perfect the resettlement evaluation mechanism.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D923

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