北歐著作權(quán)延伸集體管理制度可借鑒性研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-28 11:05
【摘要】：誕生于19世紀30年代的著作權(quán)集體管理制度自產(chǎn)生之時就被認為是維護并代表權(quán)利人利益的組織對著作權(quán)和相關(guān)權(quán)的一種行使方式。在傳統(tǒng)著作權(quán)集體管理制度之下,著作權(quán)人自愿加入集體管理組織,自愿將作品與相關(guān)著作權(quán)利委托給集體管理組織管理,這種自愿性的管理方式是出于對私權(quán)的尊重。然而,隨著傳播方式的變革,傳統(tǒng)集體管理制度逐漸無法適應數(shù)字化技術(shù)對著作權(quán)體系帶來的沖擊,無法滿足網(wǎng)絡時代下對作品海量許可的要求,由此一種變異的集體管理制度逐漸進入我們的視野。這種發(fā)端于上個世紀六十年代北歐各國的延伸性集體管理制度,被認為是自愿集體管理制度與強制性集體管理制度的“混血兒”。延伸性集體管理規(guī)定以及基于此規(guī)定所產(chǎn)生的延伸性集體管理合同一同在應對傳播范式的變革中為保護著作權(quán)利人的專有權(quán)利、促進作品傳播與激勵創(chuàng)新開辟了一條新的道路。雖然延伸集體管理制度從其產(chǎn)生至今已經(jīng)有近五十年的發(fā)展歷程,但與自愿集體管理制度在全世界的廣泛使用所不同的是,該制度的適用范圍仍然主要局限在北歐五國,因此對于我國來說,延伸集體管理制度不可謂之不新,由此在《著作權(quán)法》第三次修改之際試圖引入該制度的提案一經(jīng)公開所引起的熱烈討論是可以被預見的。贊成引入該制度的學者認為延伸集體管理制度能夠解決一攬子許可中代表性不足的問題,是一種能夠為使用者以及著作權(quán)人帶來利益,符合“卡爾多-�？怂埂睒藴实闹贫�,而反對者則以我國著作權(quán)集體管理組織所存在的問題為由,認為該制度的引入會加劇目前存在的問題,反而與集體管理組織保護權(quán)利人的宗旨背道而馳。事實上,通過分析我國目前著作權(quán)集體管理制度中的問題,發(fā)現(xiàn)有引入延伸集體管理制度的現(xiàn)實必要性,具體體現(xiàn)為傳統(tǒng)集體管理制度已經(jīng)無法適應數(shù)字化時代帶來的變化,最大的問題是集體管理組織代表性不足所帶來的一攬子許可的不能。另外在實踐中,由于延伸集體管理制度的缺失,使用者處于兩難的境地,隨時面臨著被非會員著作權(quán)人控告著作權(quán)侵權(quán)的風險。而且引入延伸集體管理制度對于降低著作權(quán)交易成本、增加作品使用合法性、保護“孤兒作品”權(quán)利人與外國權(quán)利人的權(quán)利均有積極意義。任何一種法律制度的移植都需要考慮其與本土制度土壤的相容性。討論一項具體制度能否移植,除了明確該制度的基本規(guī)則以外還必須考察該制度產(chǎn)生所需要的制度環(huán)境,沒有制度土壤培育的法律制度的移植只能帶來僵化的、不能發(fā)揮制度應有作用的規(guī)則條文。北歐是著作權(quán)延伸集體管理制度最為成熟的實施例,因此北歐經(jīng)驗的借鑒對我國構(gòu)建延伸集體管理制度有十分重大的意義。在北歐,延伸集體管理制度最早被適用于廣播領(lǐng)域,隨著制度的逐漸成熟與現(xiàn)實需要的發(fā)展,制度適用的范圍不斷擴大,直至丹麥在其著作權(quán)法修改中加入了一般條款。雖然北歐各國在具體規(guī)則的設(shè)置上有所不同,但是其基本的實施原則與架構(gòu)具有統(tǒng)一性。具體表現(xiàn)為:一個在某個作品領(lǐng)域能夠代表實質(zhì)性多數(shù)著作權(quán)人的集體管理組織是延伸性集體管理制度實施的前提條件,法律通過賦予使用者與集體管理組織簽訂的作品許可使用協(xié)議延伸效力,從而使使用者可以使用非會員著作權(quán)人的作品,該合同作為具體的實施依據(jù)除了規(guī)定適用范圍、使用期限外,最重要的是保障非會員著作權(quán)人獲得與會員著作權(quán)人相同的使用費。延伸集體管理制度與強制性集體管理制度最大的不同之處是,非會員著作權(quán)人有“選擇退出權(quán)”,該權(quán)利一旦行使,則其作品不得被延伸使用。而當非會員著作權(quán)人對使用費不滿時可以主張個人獲酬權(quán)。因此充分保障非會員權(quán)利人的利益是制度的出發(fā)點與歸宿。著作權(quán)延伸集體管理制度作為北歐五國的獨創(chuàng),其產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展和北歐各國所獨有的地理環(huán)境、文化傳統(tǒng)有密不可分的聯(lián)系。獨特的“小國寡民”的地理環(huán)境造就了北歐“小型同質(zhì)”的社會環(huán)境。而其悠久的集體協(xié)商傳統(tǒng)則造就了運行良好、具有高度信賴度的著作權(quán)集體管理組織,作為勞資集體協(xié)商合同制度在著作權(quán)領(lǐng)域的演化,延伸集體管理制度的產(chǎn)生與運行無法與根深蒂固的集體協(xié)商傳統(tǒng)相割離。通過考察延伸集體管理制度在北歐的產(chǎn)生路徑就會發(fā)現(xiàn),早在法律確認延伸集體管理制度之前,延伸集體許可作為一種實踐做法早已被廣泛使用,這種行為先于規(guī)則的內(nèi)生性的制度生成方式?jīng)Q定了制度與社會環(huán)境的高度契合度。但是將我國與北歐各國作比較,就會發(fā)現(xiàn)二者之間存在較大的差異,我國人多地廣,著作權(quán)集體管理組織產(chǎn)生較晚,在運行過程中有諸多不如意。我國并沒有集體協(xié)商的傳統(tǒng),無論是著作權(quán)人還是使用人都還未認識到集體管理對于維護著作權(quán)人權(quán)益、促進作品傳播以及激勵創(chuàng)新的積極作用。因此應該意識到引入北歐延伸集體管理制度在我國會遇到一定的制度障礙,但也不能因噎廢食,否認引入延伸集體管理制度帶來的潛在利益。為了使延伸集體管理制度能夠在我國更好地實行,首先應當完善我國現(xiàn)有的集體管理組織,在破除“非營利性”、淡化“行政化”色彩的前提下,完善許可費的收取與分配制度,加強監(jiān)督,增強著作權(quán)人對集體管理組織的信賴度,努力營造權(quán)利集體管理的文化氛圍。其次在設(shè)置具體的制度規(guī)則時,應該注意以下幾點:規(guī)范延伸集體管理制度適用的范圍,防止該制度的濫用而損害著作權(quán)人的利益;限定實施延伸集體管理制度的組織資格,唯有具有高度代表性、運行良好的集體管理組織方能承擔運行延伸集體管理制度賦予的責任;充分保障非會員著作權(quán)人的利益,保證其能以最少的成本退出延伸管理,獲得與會員著作權(quán)人相同的許可費。
[Abstract]:The system of collective management of copyright, which was born in 1930s, has been regarded as a way of exercising copyright and related rights by organizations that safeguard and represent the interests of copyright owners. However, with the change of the mode of communication, the traditional collective management system is gradually unable to adapt to the impact of digital technology on the copyright system, and can not meet the requirements of mass permission of works in the network era, thus a variant of the collective. This kind of extended collective management system, which originated in the 1960s in Nordic countries, is considered to be the "hybrid" of voluntary collective management system and compulsory collective management system. It also opens up a new way to protect the exclusive rights of copyright holders, promote the dissemination of works and encourage innovation in response to the transformation of the communication paradigm. The scope of application of the system is still mainly confined to the five Nordic countries. Therefore, it is not new for China to extend the collective management system. The heated discussion on the proposal of introducing the system on the third amendment of the Copyright Law can be foreseen. Scholars in favor of introducing the system believe that the extension is possible. Collective management system can solve the problem of under-representation in the license package. It is a system which can bring benefits to users and copyright owners and conforms to the standard of "Carlo Hicks", while opponents argue that the introduction of this system will aggravate the existing problems of the copyright collective management organizations in China. In fact, by analyzing the problems in the current copyright collective management system in China, we find that it is necessary to introduce the extension of the collective management system, which is embodied in the fact that the traditional collective management system has been unable to adapt to the changes brought about by the digital age. The big problem is the lack of representation of collective management organizations, which leads to the inability of a package of permissions. In practice, users are in a dilemma due to the absence of an extended collective management system, and are at any time faced with the risk of being sued by non-member copyright owners for copyright infringement. The transplantation of any legal system needs to consider its compatibility with the soil of the local system. To discuss whether a specific system can be transplanted, we must not only clarify the basic rules of the system, but also examine whether it can be transplanted. In view of the institutional environment needed by the system, the transplantation of legal system without institutional soil cultivation can only bring about rigid rules and regulations which can not play its due role. In Nordic countries, the extended collective management system was first applied to the field of broadcasting. With the gradual maturity of the system and the development of practical needs, the scope of application of the system continued to expand until Denmark added a general clause to the amendment of its copyright law. The basic principles and framework of implementation are unified. Specifically, a collective management organization which can represent the substantial majority of copyright owners in a certain work field is the prerequisite for the implementation of the extended collective management system. In addition to stipulating the scope of application and the term of use, the most important thing is to ensure that the non-member copyright owner gets the same royalties as the member copyright owner. If the non-member copyright holder is dissatisfied with the use fee, he can claim the right of personal remuneration. Therefore, it is the starting point and destination of the system to fully protect the interests of the non-member copyright holder. The originality of the five Nordic countries is closely related to the unique geographical environment and cultural traditions of the Nordic countries. The unique geographical environment of the "small countries and few people" has created a "small homogeneous" social environment in Nordic countries. The long tradition of collective consultation has created a well-functioning and highly trusted copyright. As the evolution of collective bargaining contract system in the field of copyright, the emergence and operation of extended collective management system can not be separated from the deep-rooted tradition of collective bargaining. Extended collective licensing has long been widely used as a practical practice, and the endogenous way of institutional formation prior to rules determines the high degree of agreement between the system and the social environment. There is no tradition of collective consultation in China, and neither copyright owners nor users have realized the positive role of collective management in safeguarding copyright rights, promoting the dissemination of works and encouraging innovation. China will encounter certain institutional obstacles, but we can not refuse the potential benefits brought by the introduction of the extended collective management system. In order to make the extended collective management system better implemented in China, we should first improve the existing collective management organizations in China, before breaking the "non-profit" and weakening the "administrative" color. Secondly, when setting up specific system rules, we should pay attention to the following points: standardize and extend the scope of application of the collective management system, prevent the abuse of the system and damage it. It is harmful to the interests of copyright owners; restricting the organizational qualifications for the implementation of the extended collective management system, only highly representative and well-functioning collective management organizations can assume the responsibilities entrusted by the extended collective management system; fully protecting the interests of non-member copyright owners and ensuring that they can withdraw from the extended management at the lowest cost to obtain and The same license fee for member copyright owners.
【學位授予單位】：華東政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D923.41
本文編號：2209209
[Abstract]:The system of collective management of copyright, which was born in 1930s, has been regarded as a way of exercising copyright and related rights by organizations that safeguard and represent the interests of copyright owners. However, with the change of the mode of communication, the traditional collective management system is gradually unable to adapt to the impact of digital technology on the copyright system, and can not meet the requirements of mass permission of works in the network era, thus a variant of the collective. This kind of extended collective management system, which originated in the 1960s in Nordic countries, is considered to be the "hybrid" of voluntary collective management system and compulsory collective management system. It also opens up a new way to protect the exclusive rights of copyright holders, promote the dissemination of works and encourage innovation in response to the transformation of the communication paradigm. The scope of application of the system is still mainly confined to the five Nordic countries. Therefore, it is not new for China to extend the collective management system. The heated discussion on the proposal of introducing the system on the third amendment of the Copyright Law can be foreseen. Scholars in favor of introducing the system believe that the extension is possible. Collective management system can solve the problem of under-representation in the license package. It is a system which can bring benefits to users and copyright owners and conforms to the standard of "Carlo Hicks", while opponents argue that the introduction of this system will aggravate the existing problems of the copyright collective management organizations in China. In fact, by analyzing the problems in the current copyright collective management system in China, we find that it is necessary to introduce the extension of the collective management system, which is embodied in the fact that the traditional collective management system has been unable to adapt to the changes brought about by the digital age. The big problem is the lack of representation of collective management organizations, which leads to the inability of a package of permissions. In practice, users are in a dilemma due to the absence of an extended collective management system, and are at any time faced with the risk of being sued by non-member copyright owners for copyright infringement. The transplantation of any legal system needs to consider its compatibility with the soil of the local system. To discuss whether a specific system can be transplanted, we must not only clarify the basic rules of the system, but also examine whether it can be transplanted. In view of the institutional environment needed by the system, the transplantation of legal system without institutional soil cultivation can only bring about rigid rules and regulations which can not play its due role. In Nordic countries, the extended collective management system was first applied to the field of broadcasting. With the gradual maturity of the system and the development of practical needs, the scope of application of the system continued to expand until Denmark added a general clause to the amendment of its copyright law. The basic principles and framework of implementation are unified. Specifically, a collective management organization which can represent the substantial majority of copyright owners in a certain work field is the prerequisite for the implementation of the extended collective management system. In addition to stipulating the scope of application and the term of use, the most important thing is to ensure that the non-member copyright owner gets the same royalties as the member copyright owner. If the non-member copyright holder is dissatisfied with the use fee, he can claim the right of personal remuneration. Therefore, it is the starting point and destination of the system to fully protect the interests of the non-member copyright holder. The originality of the five Nordic countries is closely related to the unique geographical environment and cultural traditions of the Nordic countries. The unique geographical environment of the "small countries and few people" has created a "small homogeneous" social environment in Nordic countries. The long tradition of collective consultation has created a well-functioning and highly trusted copyright. As the evolution of collective bargaining contract system in the field of copyright, the emergence and operation of extended collective management system can not be separated from the deep-rooted tradition of collective bargaining. Extended collective licensing has long been widely used as a practical practice, and the endogenous way of institutional formation prior to rules determines the high degree of agreement between the system and the social environment. There is no tradition of collective consultation in China, and neither copyright owners nor users have realized the positive role of collective management in safeguarding copyright rights, promoting the dissemination of works and encouraging innovation. China will encounter certain institutional obstacles, but we can not refuse the potential benefits brought by the introduction of the extended collective management system. In order to make the extended collective management system better implemented in China, we should first improve the existing collective management organizations in China, before breaking the "non-profit" and weakening the "administrative" color. Secondly, when setting up specific system rules, we should pay attention to the following points: standardize and extend the scope of application of the collective management system, prevent the abuse of the system and damage it. It is harmful to the interests of copyright owners; restricting the organizational qualifications for the implementation of the extended collective management system, only highly representative and well-functioning collective management organizations can assume the responsibilities entrusted by the extended collective management system; fully protecting the interests of non-member copyright owners and ensuring that they can withdraw from the extended management at the lowest cost to obtain and The same license fee for member copyright owners.
【學位授予單位】：華東政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D923.41
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