【摘要】：英格蘭作為英美法系的發(fā)源地,國內(nèi)普通法和衡平法先后發(fā)展,并行不悖。其中衡平法院在長期的司法實踐中發(fā)展出一項特殊抵押制度——浮動抵押。這項制度的特殊之處在于抵押物的時間和范圍都有所突破。在時間方面,抵押物可以是現(xiàn)實存在的,也可以是預(yù)期取得的財產(chǎn)。在范圍方面,抵押物不需轉(zhuǎn)移給債權(quán)人占有,仍可以由抵押人繼續(xù)占有,用于日常生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營,并在需要的時候可以自由處置。浮動抵押法律制度一經(jīng)確立,就以其特殊性擴大到美國、日本等英美法系國家,得到廣泛適用,大陸法系國家也充分借鑒其制度優(yōu)點加以完善,以期在本國得到適用。2007年3月16日,《中華人民共和國物權(quán)法》正式頒布實施,這部社會主義市場經(jīng)濟法制體系最為重要的法律,在其第四編“擔(dān)保物權(quán)”中,對浮動抵押進行了定義,規(guī)定三類主體(企業(yè)、個體工商戶、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營者)可在四類客體(生產(chǎn)設(shè)備、原材料、半成品、產(chǎn)品),可在現(xiàn)有的以及將有的上設(shè)定抵押,標(biāo)志著我國正式引入浮動抵押制度。“三農(nóng)”問題是我國金融改革著力解決的重要領(lǐng)域,但同時也是我國金融服務(wù)的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。目前農(nóng)村金融最基本的矛盾是金融供給與金融需求的矛盾,現(xiàn)有農(nóng)村金融體系中金融資源有限,金融工具單一,金融環(huán)境不良,難以向農(nóng)民提供充足有效的金融服務(wù),而農(nóng)村融資難的一個重要原因就是農(nóng)村市場有效擔(dān)保物不足。我國以往的擔(dān)保制度在設(shè)計上傾向于在不動產(chǎn)上設(shè)定擔(dān)保,相對弱化對動產(chǎn)設(shè)定擔(dān)保物權(quán),這與我國整體經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平是密切相關(guān)的。雖然經(jīng)過30多年的改革開放,我國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展步入快車道,但城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展不平衡等問題仍未得到有效改善。我國農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟整體發(fā)展較慢,基于農(nóng)村土地集體所有制度下,農(nóng)民自身擁有的宅基地、農(nóng)房等不動產(chǎn)由于交易制度限制,沒有足夠變現(xiàn)能力；農(nóng)村常見的土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)雖有政策支持,但法律支持尚未跟上,價值評估和權(quán)利流轉(zhuǎn)尚未健全,這些都不是理想的擔(dān)保物。因此農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)村、農(nóng)民所有的豐富動產(chǎn)資源就成為農(nóng)村擔(dān)保物改革創(chuàng)新的重要指向。《中華人民共和國物權(quán)法》頒布、實施后,擴大了動產(chǎn)抵押擔(dān)保物的范圍,第一百八十一條規(guī)定的“生產(chǎn)設(shè)備、原材料、半成品、產(chǎn)品可以抵押”,為動產(chǎn)擔(dān)保提供了制度支持,為緩解農(nóng)村融資難問題拓展了思路。研究農(nóng)村動產(chǎn)浮動抵押貸款的風(fēng)險防范問題,對如何使我國擔(dān)保法律制度得到更有效的適用、如何使銀行信貸風(fēng)險得到更有效的把控、如何使農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、農(nóng)業(yè)規(guī)模擴大、農(nóng)民生活改善都有一定的意義。本文主要以《中華人民共和國物權(quán)法》為主,逐本溯源,從浮動抵押制度的歷史及法律特征出發(fā),聯(lián)系我國社會主義經(jīng)濟發(fā)展實際,分析我國動產(chǎn)浮動抵押法律制度的優(yōu)點和不足,進一步探討銀行在農(nóng)村開展動產(chǎn)浮動抵押貸款業(yè)務(wù)時可能影響資金安全的各種風(fēng)險,以及在現(xiàn)有經(jīng)濟環(huán)境和法律制度下可以采取哪些有效的防范措施,最終實現(xiàn)既能充分滿足農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營者的發(fā)展需求,又能有效把控銀行經(jīng)營風(fēng)險,為農(nóng)村金融創(chuàng)新、農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展改革提供思路。
[Abstract]:As the birthplace of the Anglo-American law system, the common law and the equity law in England developed successively and went hand in hand. In the long-term judicial practice, the Equitable Court developed a special mortgage system-floating charge. As far as the scope is concerned, the collateral can still be used by the mortgagor for daily production and operation without transferring to the creditor, and can be disposed of freely when necessary. Once the floating charge legal system is established, it is extended to the United States, Japan and other Anglo-American laws with its particularity. On March 16, 2007, the Property Law of the People's Republic of China was officially promulgated and implemented, which is the most important law in the legal system of the socialist market economy. In the fourth part of the law, the floating set-off was applied to the real right of security. The definition of mortgage stipulates that three types of subjects (enterprises, individual industrial and commercial households, agricultural producers) can be mortgaged on four types of objects (production equipment, raw materials, semi-finished products, products), which indicates that floating mortgage system is formally introduced into China. At present, the most basic contradiction of rural finance is the contradiction between financial supply and financial demand. In the existing rural financial system, financial resources are limited, financial instruments are single, financial environment is bad, it is difficult to provide sufficient and effective financial services to farmers, and rural financing is an important reason for the difficulty. Because of the insufficiency of effective collateral in the rural market, China's previous security system tended to set up security in real estate and weaken the creation of security rights in movable property. This is closely related to the overall level of economic development in China. Although after 30 years of reform and opening up, China's economic development has entered a fast lane, but urban and rural development. The overall development of China's rural economy is relatively slow. Based on the collective ownership system of rural land, the real estate owned by peasants, such as homestead, farmhouse and so on, has not enough liquidity because of the restriction of the transaction system. Although the common rural land contractual management rights have policy support, the legal support has not yet been provided. Therefore, the abundant chattel resources owned by agriculture, rural areas and peasants have become an important direction for the reform and innovation of rural collateral. After the promulgation of the Property Law of the People's Republic of China, the scope of chattel collateral has been expanded with the implementation of Article 181. The fixed "production equipment, raw materials, semi-finished products, products can be mortgaged" provides system support for chattel security, and broadens the train of thought for alleviating the rural financing difficulties. It is of certain significance to control the rural economy more effectively, to enlarge the scale of agriculture and to improve the peasants'life. This paper mainly focuses on the Property Law of the People's Republic of China, traces the origin one by one, and analyzes the floating charge of movable property in China from the historical and legal characteristics of the floating charge system. Advantages and shortcomings of the legal system, further explore the risks that banks may affect the security of funds when they carry out movable property floating mortgage loan business in rural areas, and what effective preventive measures can be taken under the existing economic environment and legal system to achieve the ultimate goal of meeting the development needs of agricultural producers and managers, but also can We should effectively control the risk of bank operation and provide ideas for rural financial innovation and agricultural development and reform.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D923.2

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