【摘要】：第三人利益合同,是指合同當(dāng)事人雙方約定由合同外的第三人直接享有合同利益、享有合同債權(quán),且第三人因之直接取得對債務(wù)人的給付請求權(quán)。第三人利益合同制度體現(xiàn)了對合同相對性的突破和沖擊,其本質(zhì)特征就在于將合同權(quán)利和利益直接賦予給合同外的第三人,形式上將傳統(tǒng)合同的“二人模式”轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱艘环N全新的“三人模式”,合同效力擴(kuò)張到了合同外的第三人。在這種獨(dú)特的合同模式之下,合同當(dāng)事人雙方原有的合同權(quán)利必然隨著第三人的介入而發(fā)生變化。之前諸多的學(xué)術(shù)研究或是將重點(diǎn)放在第三人利益合同制度本身的理論研究上,或是放在第三人利益合同的制度設(shè)計上,大多數(shù)學(xué)者的研究重點(diǎn)和視角都集中在第三人合同權(quán)利和合同利益的保護(hù)上,對因第三人的介入而導(dǎo)致合同原有當(dāng)事人合同權(quán)利的變化則研究較少。實(shí)際上,在第三人利益合同中,因第三人的介入,合同原有當(dāng)事人的合同權(quán)利較之于傳統(tǒng)合同模式下的合同權(quán)利而言,無論是權(quán)利的內(nèi)容,還是權(quán)利的具體行使方式等諸多方面,都發(fā)生了明顯的變化,諸如合同債權(quán)人固有的給付請求權(quán)的變化、損害賠償請求權(quán)的變化,合同債務(wù)人享有的抗辯權(quán)的變化,以及雙方當(dāng)事人均享有的合同撤銷、變更和解除權(quán)的變化等等。第三人利益合同固然強(qiáng)調(diào)對受益第三人的權(quán)利和利益進(jìn)行全面的重視和保護(hù),但這不意味著原當(dāng)事人雙方的合同權(quán)利就應(yīng)被忽視,第三人對合同的直接介入從諸多方面對當(dāng)事人原有的合同權(quán)利進(jìn)行了沖擊和影響,我們應(yīng)當(dāng)從中發(fā)現(xiàn)這些權(quán)利的變化,以期更好地維護(hù)和保障各方權(quán)利的行使,才能真正做到對第三人利益合同中各方利益的平衡保護(hù),這也是符合當(dāng)代社會強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)質(zhì)正義、誠實(shí)信用的時代背景的要求的。因此,有必要對因第三人的介入給當(dāng)事人雙方主要合同權(quán)利帶來的變化和影響進(jìn)行深入的研究和探討。故本文從分析第三人利益合同的法律關(guān)系和背后的原因關(guān)系入手,在厘清三方關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合分析所介入的第三方合同權(quán)利和利益的具體內(nèi)容,對原有合同債權(quán)人和債務(wù)人的主要合同權(quán)利的變化逐一進(jìn)行探討和研究,包括對債權(quán)人給付請求權(quán)的影響、對債權(quán)人受領(lǐng)和保有給付權(quán)利的影響以及對債權(quán)人救濟(jì)性請求權(quán)的影響、債務(wù)人抗辯權(quán)利的影響以及對當(dāng)事人雙方變更和解除合同權(quán)利的影響等諸多方面的分析,在對比大陸法系和英美法系的立法和司法態(tài)度的基礎(chǔ)之上,進(jìn)一步結(jié)合我國的立法和司法實(shí)踐現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行深入剖析,以期更好地維護(hù)各方的利益平衡,實(shí)現(xiàn)最終的公平正義。
[Abstract]:The contract of the benefit of the third party means that the parties to the contract agree that the third party outside the contract shall enjoy the contract interest directly and enjoy the contractual creditor's rights, for which the third party shall directly acquire the right of claim for payment to the debtor. The contract system of the third party's interests embodies the breakthrough and impact on the relativity of the contract, and its essential characteristic is that the contract rights and interests are given directly to the third party outside the contract. In form, the "two-person mode" of the traditional contract has been transformed into a new "three-party mode", and the validity of the contract has expanded to the third party outside the contract. Under this unique contract mode, the original contractual rights of the parties to the contract must change with the intervention of the third party. Many previous academic studies have either focused on the theoretical study of the contract system of the interests of the third party itself or on the institutional design of the contract for the benefit of the third party. Most scholars focus on the protection of the contractual rights and interests of the third party, but there is little research on the change of the contract rights of the original parties due to the intervention of the third party. In fact, in the contract of the benefit of the third party, because of the intervention of the third party, the contract right of the original party in the contract is compared with the contract right under the traditional contract mode, whether it is the content of the right, There have been obvious changes in many aspects, such as the inherent right of the contract creditor to claim for payment, the change of the right to claim for damages, the change of the right of defense enjoyed by the debtor of the contract, and so on. And both parties are entitled to rescission of the contract, change and rescission rights and so on. While the third party interest contract emphasizes the comprehensive attention and protection of the rights and interests of the beneficial third party, it does not mean that the contractual rights of the original parties should be ignored. The direct involvement of the third party in the contract impacts and influences the parties' original contractual rights in many aspects. We should find out the changes of these rights in order to better safeguard and guarantee the exercise of the rights of all parties. Only then can the interests of the third party in the contract be balanced and protected, which is also in line with the need of the contemporary society to emphasize the essential justice and the background of honesty and credit. Therefore, it is necessary to deeply study and discuss the changes and effects brought by the intervention of the third party to the main contractual rights of both parties. Therefore, this paper begins with the analysis of the legal relationship and the cause relationship of the third party's interest contract, and on the basis of clarifying the tripartite relationship, combined with the analysis of the specific contents of the third party's contract rights and interests. The changes in the main contractual rights of creditors and debtors in the original contract are discussed and studied one by one, including the impact on the creditor's right to claim for payment. The impact on the creditor's right to receive and retain the payment, the impact on the creditor's remedy claim, the influence of the debtor's right of defense, and the influence on the parties' right to change and rescind the contract, etc. On the basis of comparing the legislative and judicial attitudes of the civil law system and the Anglo-American legal system, this paper further analyzes the current situation of our country's legislation and judicial practice in order to better maintain the balance of the interests of all parties and realize the ultimate fairness and justice.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D923.6

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