【摘要】：胚胎凍融技術(shù)的應(yīng)用導(dǎo)致了大量剩余冷凍胚胎的產(chǎn)生,由此引發(fā)的法律問題也愈演愈烈。胚胎的法律屬性包括主體說、客體說、中間說三種理論主張,在我國占主導(dǎo)地位的是客體說中的“倫理物”觀點(diǎn),也有一部分學(xué)者主張打破民法二元?jiǎng)澐掷碚?堅(jiān)持用由物向人過渡的中間說來認(rèn)定胚胎的法律屬性。胚胎保護(hù)的實(shí)際是對人類尊嚴(yán)的維護(hù),作為權(quán)利客體的倫理物觀點(diǎn)能夠給胚胎法律問題的解決提供更好的途徑,沒有必要打破現(xiàn)行民法體系單列出中間體的概念和規(guī)范結(jié)構(gòu);胚胎在夫妻法律關(guān)系存續(xù)時(shí)為二人共有,在婚姻關(guān)系發(fā)生變動(dòng)時(shí),一般情況下不生育的權(quán)利優(yōu)先于生育的主張;胚胎雖然是權(quán)利客體,但因其獨(dú)特的人格屬性和生育權(quán)利益,不能夠被用于繼承。在使用捐卵或捐精進(jìn)行體外受精手術(shù)時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)確立法律上的父母優(yōu)于基因父母為原則的親子關(guān)系;圍繞代孕問題雖然有不同的理論爭議,但依然要堅(jiān)持我國禁止代孕的法律規(guī)則;在美國,胚胎收養(yǎng)成為一個(gè)新的理論和實(shí)踐命題,我國也可以適度的借鑒胚胎收養(yǎng)的制度規(guī)則,擴(kuò)大傳統(tǒng)收養(yǎng)方式。我國胚胎的立法由衛(wèi)生部或聯(lián)合科技部頒布的行政規(guī)章組成,立法條文粗陋,效力層級較低,不適應(yīng)當(dāng)代突飛猛進(jìn)的技術(shù)發(fā)展。我國未來的胚胎立法要堅(jiān)持在以人為本的立法原則下,通過補(bǔ)充民事立法內(nèi)容確立橫向的立法規(guī)范,提高胚胎立法的效力層級。
[Abstract]:The application of embryo freezing and thawing technology has led to the production of a large number of remaining frozen embryos, and the legal problems arising therefrom are becoming more and more serious. The legal attribute of embryo includes the theory of subject, the theory of object, the theory of middle, the view of "ethics" in the theory of object, and some scholars advocate to break the theory of dualistic division of civil law. Insist on the legal nature of the embryo in the middle of the transition from substance to person. The protection of embryos is actually the maintenance of human dignity. The viewpoint of ethics as the object of right can provide a better way to solve the legal problems of embryos, and it is not necessary to break the concept and normative structure of intermediates listed in the current civil law system. The embryo is shared by two people when the legal relationship of husband and wife exists. When the marriage relationship changes, the right of non-fertility takes precedence over the claim of reproduction. Although the embryo is the object of right, it is due to its unique personality attribute and the interest of reproductive right. Cannot be used for inheritance. In the use of egg donation or sperm donation for in vitro fertilization, parent-child relationships that are legally superior to genetic parents should be established; although there are different theoretical controversies surrounding surrogacy, In the United States, embryo adoption has become a new theoretical and practical proposition, and our country can draw lessons from the institutional rules of embryo adoption and expand the traditional adoptions. The legislation of embryo in China consists of administrative regulations issued by the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Science and Technology. The legislative provisions are crude and the level of effectiveness is low, which is not suitable for the rapid development of modern technology. The future embryo legislation of our country should adhere to the principle of people-oriented legislation and establish horizontal legislative norms by supplementing the contents of civil legislation so as to improve the level of effectiveness of embryo legislation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：黑龍江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：D923

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