本文選題：獨(dú)立擔(dān)保 + 獨(dú)立性�。� 參考：《廣西師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：獨(dú)立擔(dān)保是民商事活動(dòng)發(fā)展中的產(chǎn)物,因其具有獨(dú)特的特征,使得獨(dú)立擔(dān)保突破了傳統(tǒng)擔(dān)保的從屬性,彌補(bǔ)了傳統(tǒng)擔(dān)保中擔(dān)保人抗辯權(quán)過(guò)多、索款效率低下、救濟(jì)程序復(fù)雜的劣勢(shì),其出現(xiàn)促進(jìn)了民商事活動(dòng)的效率,可以預(yù)見(jiàn)在要求速度的信息化時(shí)代中,獨(dú)立擔(dān)保將發(fā)揮更重要的角色,為我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展保駕護(hù)航。隨著我國(guó)改革開(kāi)放政策的實(shí)行,上世紀(jì)80年代外國(guó)企業(yè)來(lái)華投資交易業(yè)務(wù)不斷上升,在外國(guó)企業(yè)與我國(guó)進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)交往的過(guò)程中,由于我國(guó)處于開(kāi)放初期,國(guó)內(nèi)信用水平較低,起源于西方的獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度隨著改革開(kāi)放政策的實(shí)行也進(jìn)入到中國(guó),并在我國(guó)銀行對(duì)外業(yè)務(wù)中首先開(kāi)展起來(lái),為我國(guó)改革開(kāi)放早期的經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展提供了一定的支持。2016年11月18日最高人民法院公布了《最高人民法院關(guān)于審理獨(dú)立保函糾紛案件若干問(wèn)題的規(guī)定》司法解釋,標(biāo)志著我國(guó)在司法實(shí)務(wù)中正式承認(rèn)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保在國(guó)內(nèi)適用的效力。獨(dú)立擔(dān)保在我國(guó)發(fā)展已有30多年的歷史,伴隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展,其在國(guó)內(nèi)的適用也越來(lái)越頻繁。但是,由于我國(guó)立法及對(duì)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保相關(guān)內(nèi)容和本質(zhì)特征認(rèn)識(shí)不清的原因,實(shí)踐中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題和糾紛頻繁不斷,導(dǎo)致這一具有獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)的工具未能完全在我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中發(fā)光發(fā)熱。因此,對(duì)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度在我國(guó)適用問(wèn)題的研究顯得極其重要。本文擬通過(guò)對(duì)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度中的主要內(nèi)容及特征進(jìn)行介紹和分析,明確了我國(guó)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度適用中的主要問(wèn)題,并結(jié)合兩大法系典型國(guó)家及國(guó)際條約和國(guó)際慣例中對(duì)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保的規(guī)定和研究,對(duì)完善獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度在我國(guó)適用提出建議。在結(jié)構(gòu)安排上,本文主體結(jié)構(gòu)一共分為四章。第一章是對(duì)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度基本理論的介紹。該章從獨(dú)立擔(dān)保的產(chǎn)生入手,分析了獨(dú)立擔(dān)保產(chǎn)生的必然性和重要性,對(duì)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保的概念進(jìn)行了界定,明確了本文研究采用狹義獨(dú)立擔(dān)保的概念,即本文的獨(dú)立擔(dān)保包含獨(dú)立保函和備用信用證兩種形式。隨后對(duì)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保的特征和表現(xiàn)形式進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)要介紹,獨(dú)立擔(dān)保的特征主要包括獨(dú)立性、單據(jù)性、抽象性、無(wú)條件性及不可撤銷性,其表現(xiàn)形式主要是獨(dú)立保函和備用信用證。本章最后對(duì)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保和傳統(tǒng)擔(dān)保進(jìn)行了比較,進(jìn)一步指明了獨(dú)立擔(dān)保相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)擔(dān)保的優(yōu)勢(shì)所在,重申了獨(dú)立擔(dān)保在經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中的重要性。第二章論述了我國(guó)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度的立法現(xiàn)狀和法律適用存在的問(wèn)題,重點(diǎn)從獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度在我國(guó)適用存在的問(wèn)題展開(kāi)。本文認(rèn)為獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度在我國(guó)適用中涉及到的最主要的內(nèi)容是認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、法律關(guān)系及欺詐例外三個(gè)方面。因此該章第一節(jié)論述了我國(guó)關(guān)于獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度的立法現(xiàn)狀,該節(jié)從獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度國(guó)內(nèi)適用效力的立法現(xiàn)狀、爭(zhēng)論焦點(diǎn)入手,解決了獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度國(guó)內(nèi)適用效力問(wèn)題,結(jié)合獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度在我國(guó)適用的三個(gè)方面,對(duì)其在我國(guó)法律中的體現(xiàn)進(jìn)行了論述。該章最后一節(jié)論述了獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度在我國(guó)適用存在的問(wèn)題及法理分析,包括認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)缺失問(wèn)題、法律關(guān)系不明確問(wèn)題、欺詐例外類型不全面問(wèn)題,在對(duì)這三個(gè)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行法理分析上,本文認(rèn)為在法理上導(dǎo)致問(wèn)題出現(xiàn)的原因主要是對(duì)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保獨(dú)立性特征認(rèn)識(shí)不清、對(duì)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保法律性質(zhì)認(rèn)識(shí)錯(cuò)誤及在無(wú)效民事行為理論下忽視了獨(dú)立擔(dān)保欺詐例外的內(nèi)在價(jià)值。第三章是域外獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度的適用比較研究。該章緊扣上文我國(guó)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保適用中存在的三個(gè)問(wèn)題,在比較研究時(shí)也是重點(diǎn)對(duì)這三個(gè)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行域外比較,分別從大陸法系國(guó)家、英美法系國(guó)家及國(guó)際條約和國(guó)際慣例三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行論述。通過(guò)比較分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)域外對(duì)這三個(gè)問(wèn)題地認(rèn)知或法律規(guī)定各有千秋�？偨Y(jié)起來(lái),域外在對(duì)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保的認(rèn)識(shí)上都或多或少?gòu)莫?dú)立擔(dān)保對(duì)傳統(tǒng)擔(dān)保從屬性突破方向進(jìn)行分析,這為我國(guó)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提供了一定的方向,即考慮從獨(dú)立擔(dān)保與傳統(tǒng)擔(dān)保在特征和屬性上的本質(zhì)不同上來(lái)建立我國(guó)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn);在對(duì)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保法律關(guān)系方面,獨(dú)立擔(dān)保的法律性質(zhì)的明確對(duì)健康適用這一制度顯得尤為重要,由于各國(guó)的國(guó)情及兩大法系的背景不同,域外在對(duì)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保的法律性質(zhì)方面并為達(dá)成統(tǒng)一的觀點(diǎn),我國(guó)在處理獨(dú)立擔(dān)保法律性質(zhì)及法律關(guān)系問(wèn)題上,應(yīng)當(dāng)結(jié)合我國(guó)的法律及理論,綜合各個(gè)國(guó)家對(duì)這一問(wèn)題的觀點(diǎn),妥善認(rèn)識(shí)我國(guó)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保適用中獨(dú)立擔(dān)保法律性質(zhì)及法律關(guān)系;在域外對(duì)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保欺詐例外規(guī)定方面,關(guān)于欺詐的概念及獨(dú)立擔(dān)保適用中的欺詐例外規(guī)則,各國(guó)都進(jìn)行了相關(guān)規(guī)定,并在實(shí)踐中有典型判例可參照,呈現(xiàn)出類型化的趨勢(shì),故而針對(duì)我國(guó)在處理獨(dú)立擔(dān)保欺詐例外上相關(guān)立法不全面,應(yīng)當(dāng)在認(rèn)定獨(dú)立擔(dān)保欺詐例外問(wèn)題上吸取外國(guó)的優(yōu)秀經(jīng)驗(yàn),將獨(dú)立擔(dān)保欺詐例外進(jìn)行類型化。第四章是完善獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度在我國(guó)適用的建議。該章的目的是為了解決本文提出的三個(gè)問(wèn)題,即獨(dú)立擔(dān)保國(guó)內(nèi)適用中認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問(wèn)題、法律關(guān)系問(wèn)題、欺詐例外問(wèn)題。第一節(jié)是完善獨(dú)立擔(dān)保認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),首先從法理上理清了獨(dú)立擔(dān)保獨(dú)立性特征,將其與傳統(tǒng)擔(dān)保中的“相對(duì)獨(dú)立性”區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。在此前提下明確了獨(dú)立性條款應(yīng)作為認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),具體論證了實(shí)踐中獨(dú)立性條款的分類及表現(xiàn)形式,為更好適用明確具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。該節(jié)最后論證了實(shí)踐中從屬性條款與獨(dú)立性條款同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)的解釋規(guī)則,為實(shí)踐中出現(xiàn)的復(fù)雜情況確定識(shí)別標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。第二節(jié)是解決獨(dú)立擔(dān)保法律關(guān)系問(wèn)題,結(jié)合本文前面章節(jié)的論述,在解決獨(dú)立擔(dān)保法律關(guān)系問(wèn)題上應(yīng)當(dāng)首先從正確認(rèn)識(shí)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保的法律性質(zhì)入手,結(jié)合法理分析的前提下明確我國(guó)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保的法律性質(zhì)為商事保證,將獨(dú)立擔(dān)保的法律關(guān)系置于商事活動(dòng)的范圍之內(nèi)。其次,應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)保證與商事保證進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格區(qū)分,明確獨(dú)立擔(dān)保的特殊性,從而更好地理清獨(dú)立擔(dān)保的法律關(guān)系。最后,在如何妥善處理獨(dú)立擔(dān)保法律關(guān)系問(wèn)題上,應(yīng)當(dāng)注重商事活動(dòng)的規(guī)律和原則,注重獨(dú)立擔(dān)保所體現(xiàn)的效率、公平、外觀主義的規(guī)則和原則。第三節(jié)是完善獨(dú)立擔(dān)保欺詐例外的規(guī)定。該節(jié)首先從獨(dú)立擔(dān)保內(nèi)在價(jià)值(公平價(jià)值與效率價(jià)值)的平衡談起,在處理獨(dú)立擔(dān)保欺詐例外問(wèn)題時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)權(quán)衡好其內(nèi)在價(jià)值,從而更好地發(fā)揮獨(dú)立擔(dān)保制度的作用。另外,應(yīng)當(dāng)明確欺詐例外的類型,確立實(shí)質(zhì)性單據(jù)欺詐為欺詐例外以及確立實(shí)質(zhì)性欺詐的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。最后,論述了完善獨(dú)立擔(dān)保下止付令適用的重要性,為實(shí)踐中出現(xiàn)獨(dú)立擔(dān)保欺詐時(shí)的救濟(jì)手段提出建議。
[Abstract]:Independent guarantee is the product of the development of civil and commercial activities. Because of its unique characteristics, independent guarantee breaks through the attribute of traditional guarantee, which makes up for the excessive defences of the guarantor in the traditional guarantee, the low efficiency of the payment and the complicated relief procedure, which has promoted the efficiency of the civil and commercial activities and can foresee the speed of demand. In the information age, independent guarantee will play a more important role and protect our country's economic development. With the implementation of China's reform and opening policy, foreign enterprises' investment and trading business in China has been rising in the 80s of last century, and in the process of economic communication between foreign enterprises and our country, China is in the early stage of opening up and domestic letter. With the lower level, the independent guarantee system originating in the West has also entered China with the implementation of the policy of reform and opening to the outside world. It was first carried out in the foreign business of China's banks and provided certain support for the early economic development of China's reform and opening to the outside world. The Supreme People's Court published "the Supreme People's Court about the trial" in November 18th.2016. The stipulation of several problems in the dispute case of the independent guarantee letter > the judicial interpretation marks the validity of the application of independent guarantee in our country's judicial practice. Independent guarantee has been developed for more than 30 years in our country. With the continuous development of our country's economy, its application in China is becoming more and more frequent. However, because of our legislation And the reasons for the unclear understanding of the relevant content and essential features of independent guarantee, the frequent problems and disputes in practice, resulting in the failure of this unique advantage in our country's economic development. Therefore, the research on the application of the independent guarantee system in our country is extremely important. The main contents and characteristics of the system are introduced and analyzed, the main problems in the application of the independent guarantee system in China are clarified, and the suggestions on the application of the independent guarantee system in China are put forward in combination with the provisions and studies of the independent guarantee in the typical countries of the two legal systems and international treaties and international conventions. The main structure of the article is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is the introduction of the basic theory of the independent guarantee system. Starting with the emergence of the independent guarantee, this chapter analyzes the inevitability and importance of the independent guarantee, defines the concept of independent guarantee, and defines the concept of the independent guarantee, which is the independent guarantee of this article, that is, the independent guarantee of this article. There are two forms of independent guarantee and standby letter of credit. Then the characteristics and forms of independent guarantee are briefly introduced. The characteristics of independent guarantee include independence, documents, abstractness, Unconditionality and irrevocability. The form of independent guarantee is independent guarantee and standby letter of credit. The general guarantee is compared, further points out the advantages of independent guarantee relative to the traditional guarantee, reaffirms the importance of independent guarantee in the economic life. The second chapter discusses the legislative status and the existing problems of the application of the independent guarantee system in our country, focusing on the existing problems of the independent guarantee system in our country. The main contents of the application of independent guarantee system in our country are the standard of identification, the legal relationship and the three aspects of fraud exception. Therefore, the first section of this chapter discusses the legislative status of the independent guarantee system in our country. This section begins with the legislative status of the applicable efficiency in the independent guarantee system and the focus of the argument, and solves the only one. In the three aspects of the application of independent guarantee system in China, the embodiment of the system of independent guarantee in our country is discussed. The last section of this chapter discusses the existing problems and legal analysis of the application of independent guarantee system in our country, including the problem of the lack of standard of identification, the unclear problem of legal relations, and the bullying. The type of fraud exception is not comprehensive. In the jurisprudential analysis of the three problems, this article holds that the main reason for the problem in jurisprudence is the unclear understanding of the independence of independent guarantee, the misunderstanding of the legal nature of independent guarantee and the inherent value of the independent guarantee fraud exception under the theory of invalid civil behavior. The third chapter is the comparative study of the application of the system of extraterritorial security. This chapter closely links the three problems in the application of the independent guarantee in our country. In the comparative study, it also focuses on the extraterritorial comparison of the three issues, respectively, from the three aspects of the civil law countries, the Anglo American law countries, the international treaties and international conventions. The comparative analysis shows that the recognition of the three issues and the legal provisions are varied. In summary, the extraterritorial knowledge of independent guarantee is more or less analyzed from the direction of the property breakthrough from the independent guarantee to the traditional guarantee, which provides a certain direction for the independent guarantee standard of our country, that is, to consider the independent guarantee and transmission. The legal nature of independent guarantee is particularly important for the application of the system of independent guarantee in terms of the nature of the characteristics and attributes, and the legal nature of the independent guarantee is particularly important to the application of this system. The legal nature of the independent guarantee is in the foreign countries because of the different national conditions and the differences between the two legal systems. In order to achieve a unified view, in dealing with the legal nature and legal relationship of independent guarantee, China should combine the laws and theories of our country to synthesize the views of each country on this issue, properly recognize the legal nature and legal relationship of independent guarantee in the application of independent guarantee in our country; the extraterritorial provisions of the independent guarantee fraud exception. With regard to the concept of fraud and the rules of fraud exception in the application of independent guarantee, all countries have carried out relevant regulations, and there are typical cases in practice which can be referred to, showing a trend of typization, so that the relevant legislation of independent guarantee fraud exceptions to our country should be identified as an independent guarantee fraud exception. The fourth chapter is to improve the application of the independent guarantee system in our country. The purpose of this chapter is to solve the three problems proposed in this article, namely, the standard problem, the legal system and the fraud exception. The first section is perfect. The standard of affirming guarantee is first clarified the independent character of independent guarantee from the jurisprudence, and distinguishes it from the "relative independence" in the traditional guarantee. Under this premise, the independence clause should be regarded as the standard of identification, and the classification and expression form of independence clause in practice are concretely demonstrated, so as to better apply the specific and specific standard. At the end of this section, it demonstrates the rules of interpretation from both the attribute clause and the independence clause in practice, and determines the recognition standard for the complicated situation in practice. The second section is to solve the problem of the legal relationship of independent guarantee. On the basis of the legal nature of independent guarantee, the legal nature of independent guarantee in China is defined as commercial guarantee under the premise of legal analysis. The legal relationship of independent guarantee is placed within the scope of commercial activities. Secondly, it is necessary to make a strict distinction between traditional guarantee and commercial guarantee and clear the particularity of independent guarantee so as to make a better geographical clear. The legal relationship of independent guarantee. Finally, on how to properly deal with the legal relationship of independent guarantee, we should pay attention to the rules and principles of commercial activities, pay attention to the rules and principles of efficiency, fairness, appearance, embodied in the independent guarantee. The third section is the regulation of the improvement of the independent guarantee fraud exception. The section begins with the intrinsic value of independent guarantee. In terms of the balance of fair value and efficiency value, the internal value of the independent guarantee fraud should be weighed well and the role of the system of independent guarantee should be better played. In addition, the types of fraud exceptions should be clearly defined, and the standard of substantive fraud for fraud and the establishment of substantive fraud should be established. The importance of perfecting the application of stop payment order under independent guarantee is described, and some suggestions are put forward for the relief measures in the practice of independent guarantee fraud.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D923.2

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7 張榕;鄭麗清;;我國(guó)現(xiàn)行納稅擔(dān)保制度的缺陷與完善[J];福建金融管理干部學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);2006年03期

8 尹凌;;瑕疵擔(dān)保制度存在的必要性分析[J];全國(guó)商情(經(jīng)濟(jì)理論研究);2008年03期

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2 特約記者 劉向輝;珠海房地產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目將全面實(shí)施工程擔(dān)保制度[N];廣東建設(shè)報(bào);2005年

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10 吳紅艷;我國(guó)古代擔(dān)保制度研究[D];安徽大學(xué);2001年

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