本文選題：人體基因科技 + 自由意志�。� 參考：《山東大學》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：人類對科技的追求和創(chuàng)新伴隨著人類歷史的發(fā)展而發(fā)展,在經(jīng)過了從器物到機器再到儀器的科技變革后,科技對人類的輔助作用也經(jīng)歷了從宏觀到微觀的變化。當醫(yī)生將手術刀伸向人體時,人類便不再僅僅是科技發(fā)展中的主體,而漸漸向科學試驗中的客體轉(zhuǎn)變,這種轉(zhuǎn)變使得對人類自身的認識越來越細節(jié)化,最終產(chǎn)生了人體基因科技。人體基因科技的誕生,意味著人類的生存和生活步入了一個嶄新的階段。在這個階段中,人類不再甘于僅作為生命起源的探尋者,而是期望成為生命的創(chuàng)造者,期望通過科技的輔助,按照個人的意愿來設計人類生命,確立人類生命在面對自然、環(huán)境、疾病、進化等問題時的優(yōu)勢地位。本文針對人體基因科技作為一場嶄新的科技革命所引發(fā)的法律和倫理方面的爭議,從決定論和自由意志論的哲學命題出發(fā),借助自由主義和社群主義的基本理論,闡釋人體基因科技引發(fā)爭議的理論根源,進而通過對人性尊嚴分析,提出解決問題的方案。本文的核心問題集中在反對人體基因科技的根據(jù)是什么,贊成人體基因科技的根源是什么。通過對這兩個問題的分析,厘清人類的主體性在當前倫理和法律架構中的重要地位和意義,提出在人體基因科技的法律思辨中必須堅持人的主體性地位的觀點。本文由前言、內(nèi)容和結(jié)語三部分組成,前言以介紹選題意義、研究方法、文獻綜述和文章思路為主,結(jié)語部分重申本文核心立場以及下一步的研究計劃,內(nèi)容部分包括以下六章：第一章探討人體基因科技作為一場嶄新的科技革命對法律和倫理的沖擊。人體基因科技催生了許多法律和倫理問題,體現(xiàn)在人類生命和生活的多個方面。具體說來,一是帶來了人性自然觀的改變,主要體現(xiàn)在自然家庭的解體和情感紐帶的淡化方面；二是帶來了傳統(tǒng)公平觀的改變,尤其是在基因歧視、代際公平等方面；三是帶來了人類傳統(tǒng)認知觀的改變,集中反映在認知方式、認知對象和認知范圍方面。這些沖擊動搖了人的主體地位,引發(fā)了對其背后所體現(xiàn)的哲學背景的思考。第二章分析人體基因科技背后所蘊含的古老哲學命題——決定論和自由意志論,這兩者影響了人體基因科技法律思辨的倫理思考。決定論探討的是人體基因科技中的必然性問題,它以自然界的因果律為入手點,將人類的成長演化區(qū)分為基因決定論和環(huán)境決定論,并依此作為支持或反對人體基因科技的論據(jù)。自由意志論回答的是人體基因科技中的偶然性問題,經(jīng)過從神學到人文主義再到實踐理性的發(fā)展過程,自由意志論在人體基因科技上的貢獻在于將人從完全的自然狀態(tài)中解脫出來,建立起了理性世界中的人類形象,打破了人體基因科技對人類的必然性影響,從而使人類的主體地位得到進一步確立和鞏固,奠定了人體基因科技倫理控制的基礎。這兩個哲學命題之間并非水火不容,它們之間相互爭論又相互融合,共同指導了關于人體基因科技的法律思辨。第三章研究人體基因科技法律思辨的價值基礎——自由主義理念和社群主義理念。自由主義所確立的理念——自由、平等、民主、自治等是人體基因科技法律規(guī)制的理論依據(jù)。當今人體基因科技的相關法律規(guī)制都是圍繞著這些理念確立的。但是在人體基因科技的科學論證下,這些自由主義的理念充滿悖論。為此,以批判自由主義為主的社群主義被引入到人體基因科技的法律思辨中來,對自由主義所帶來的個人主義、自然狀態(tài)、平等話語權等問題起到了平衡作用,并為儒家文化影響下,以家庭主義為主的法律設置提供了可能性。第四章探討人體基因科技法律思辨的宗旨——人性尊嚴。人性尊嚴一詞飽受爭議卻不可替代。其爭議源于其復雜多樣的詞匯淵源,其不可替代源于其以人為本的維度。正是在人性尊嚴的指導下,分化出具體的立法原則——知情同意、自愿原則、不傷害、不歧視和有利原則等。在這些具體原則的指導下,各國關于人體基因科技的相關法律性文件得以制定并受到尊重,在現(xiàn)階段起到了重要的規(guī)范作用。第五章研究人體基因科技法律思辨的實踐。鑒于人體基因科技法律規(guī)制的倫理層面蘊含在醫(yī)學倫理中,所以通過對重要國際醫(yī)學倫理法律性文件的梳理,理解對人體基因科技進行法律規(guī)制的倫理追求,從具體的條文中分析人性尊嚴對人體基因科技的指導作用。人體基因科技作為一項具體科學技術,它所包含的每一項具體技術內(nèi)容都有相對應的國際法律性文件對其進行規(guī)制。其中以國際人類基因組組織的聲明最具有代表性,通過對國際人類基因組組織的不同聲明的梳理,理解人性尊嚴對每一項具體人體基因科技的規(guī)范作用。同時,在保有人類主體地位的前提下,當前人體基因科技法律規(guī)制的態(tài)勢應為個人利益和公共利益相互平衡,體現(xiàn)社會層面上的平等,并將形而上學的自由落腳到實踐的自由中。這些態(tài)勢從價值平衡的層面上探討了人體基因科技法律思辨的實踐,并在具體的法律性文件中有明確體現(xiàn)。第六章討論人體基因科技法律思辨的原則。在對人體基因科技法律規(guī)制的綜合理解下,結(jié)合人體基因科技的發(fā)展前景,其法律規(guī)制的發(fā)展方向應考慮到科技發(fā)展的不可逆性和有限性,考慮到審查和監(jiān)督機構的建設,考慮到文明的趨同和文化的求異,進而堅持開放性原則、細致性原則和平衡性原則。這種探索性的法律思辨方式將促進人體基因科技在有利于全人類的大方向下自由發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:The pursuit and innovation of science and technology have developed with the development of human history. After the technological change from utensils to machines to instruments, the auxiliary role of science and technology has also undergone a change from macro to micro. When doctors extend the knife to the human body, human beings are no longer only the main body of the development of science and technology. The transformation of the object in the scientific experiment makes the understanding of human being more and more detailed and ultimately the human gene technology. The birth of human gene technology means that human survival and life have entered a new stage. At this stage, human beings are no longer willing to be the only seeker of the origin of life. It is expected to be the creator of life, expecting to design human life and establish human life in the face of nature, environment, disease and evolution through the assistance of science and technology, and to establish human life in the face of nature, environment, disease and evolution. This article is based on the legal and ethical disputes caused by human genetic technology as a new technological revolution. On the basis of the philosophical proposition of the free will theory and the basic theory of liberalism and communitarianism, the theoretical origin of human genetic science and technology is explained, and then the solution to the problem is put forward through the analysis of human dignity. The core problem of this article is on what is the basis for the anti human gene science and technology, and the human gene is in favor of the human gene. What is the root of science and technology. Through the analysis of these two problems, it clarifies the important position and significance of human subjectivity in the current ethics and legal framework, and puts forward the viewpoint that human subjectivity must be adhered to in the legal speculation of human genetic science and technology. This article is composed of three parts, the preface, the internal capacity and the conclusion. The preface introduces the topic of the topic. Meaning, research method, literature review and article thinking, the conclusion reaffirms the core position of this article and the next research plan, and the content part includes the following six chapters: the first chapter discusses the impact of human gene technology as a brand new technological revolution on law and ethics. Human gene technology has caused many legal and ethical questions. The question is embodied in many aspects of human life and life. In particular, it brings about the change of the nature view of human nature, mainly in the disintegration of the natural family and the desalination of the emotional ties; the two is the change of the traditional view of fairness, especially in the aspects of genetic discrimination and intergenerational equity, and the three is the human traditional concept of cognition. The change is reflected in the cognitive style, the cognitive object and the scope of cognition. These shocks have shaken the person's main body position and cause the philosophical background reflection behind it. The second chapter analyzes the ancient philosophical proposition behind human genetic technology, the determinism and the free will theory, which affect the human body base. Due to the ethical thinking of science and technology, determinism is the necessity of human genetic science and technology, which begins with the natural causality law, and divides human growth and evolution into genetic determinism and environmental determinism, and this is the argument to support or oppose human genetic science and technology. Because of the chance problem in science and technology, the contribution of the theory of free will to human gene science and technology, from theology to humanism and to the practical reason, is to release people from the complete natural state, to establish the human image in the rational world, and to break the inevitability of human genetic science and technology. To further establish and consolidate the human body's main position has laid the foundation for the ethical control of human genetic science and technology. The two philosophical propositions are not incompatible with water and fire, and they argue and merge each other, and jointly guide the legal speculation about human genetic science and technology. The third chapter studies the value of human genetic science and technology in legal thinking. The basic theory of liberalism and communitarianism, the concept established by liberalism - freedom, equality, democracy, autonomy, is the theoretical basis for the legal regulation of human gene science and technology. The concept of liberalism is full of paradoxes. Therefore, communitarianism, which is based on critical liberalism, is introduced into the legal speculation of human genetic science and technology, and has a balance effect on liberalism, such as individualism, natural state, equal discourse power and so on. Under the influence of the Confucian culture, the law is based on family doctrine. The fourth chapter discusses the tenet of human human genetic science and technology: human dignity. Human dignity is a controversial but irreplaceable word. Its controversy stems from its complex and diverse source of vocabulary, which can not be replaced by its people-oriented dimension. It is a specific legislative principle under the guidance of human dignity. Informed consent, voluntary principle, no harm, non discrimination and favorable principles, etc. under the guidance of these specific principles, the relevant legal documents on human genetic science and technology in various countries have been formulated and respected, and have played an important normative role at the present stage. The fifth chapter studies the practice of legal speculation on human genetic science and technology. Because the ethical level of the legal regulation of science and technology is contained in the medical ethics, the ethical pursuit of legal regulation of human genetic science and technology is understood by combing the important international medical ethics legal documents, and the guiding role of human dignity to human genetic science and technology is analyzed from the specific provisions. Science and technology, every specific technical content contained in it is regulated by the corresponding international legal documents. The international human genome organization's statement is the most representative, by combing the different statements of the international human genome organization, understanding the rules of human dignity for each specific human gene technology. At the same time, under the premise of maintaining the status of the human body, the current legal regulation of human genetic science and technology should balance the individual interests and public interests, reflect the equality in the social level, and put the metaphysical freedom to the freedom of practice. These situations discuss the human Genet from the level of the balance of value. The sixth chapter discusses the principles of legal speculation in human genetic science and technology. Under the comprehensive understanding of the legal regulation of human gene science and technology and the development prospect of human genetic science and technology, the development direction of the legal regulation should take into account the irreversibility of the scientific and Technological Development and the development of the law. Taking into account the construction of censorship and supervision institutions, taking into account the convergence of civilization and the seeking of cultural differences, the principle of openness, detail and balance will be taken into account, and this exploratory law of legal thinking will promote the downward and free development of human genetic science and technology in favor of all human beings.

【學位授予單位】：山東大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D913

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本文編號：1785096