本文選題：管理人決定權(quán)　切入點(diǎn)：限制　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定有序是企業(yè)正常經(jīng)營(yíng)的強(qiáng)大保障。企業(yè)能否正常經(jīng)營(yíng)反過來也影響著市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序。從設(shè)立登記、經(jīng)營(yíng)、注銷登記,每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)都離不開法律的約束。企業(yè)進(jìn)入破產(chǎn)程序后,職工安置,債權(quán)分配等問題相繼出現(xiàn)。尤其是在債務(wù)人資不抵債情形下,要使全體債權(quán)人公平受償,破產(chǎn)法必須制定科學(xué)全面的引導(dǎo)規(guī)則。進(jìn)入破產(chǎn),合同處分行為無處不在。根據(jù)合同法要求,雙方當(dāng)事人要遵守誠實(shí)信用原則,全面履行自己的合同義務(wù)。但在企業(yè)破產(chǎn)后,由于其過度負(fù)債,已無法全面履行合同義務(wù)了。此時(shí),為保障全體債權(quán)人的共同利益,對(duì)于債務(wù)人來說只有盡可能增加自己的財(cái)產(chǎn)來提高債權(quán)人的清償率。破產(chǎn)法第18條規(guī)定,管理人有權(quán)決定解除或者繼續(xù)履行雙方均未履行完畢的合同。然而,實(shí)踐中一方面對(duì)“未履行完畢”的認(rèn)定模糊不清,導(dǎo)致處分未履行完畢的租賃合同時(shí)產(chǎn)生困境;另一方面,對(duì)承租人和出租人破產(chǎn)情形不做區(qū)分,造成管理人權(quán)利濫用。此外,除解除或者履行合同,管理人認(rèn)為第18條也賦予其合同轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)并且這一說法已在實(shí)踐中得到了一致認(rèn)可。而如何轉(zhuǎn)讓有待法律進(jìn)一步明確規(guī)定。通過案例檢索,發(fā)現(xiàn)與破產(chǎn)法第18條規(guī)則相關(guān)案例共有70份,其中租賃合同占比為41.4%。這29件租賃合同均被解除或視為解除。破產(chǎn)法第18條是為了讓管理人選擇更能擴(kuò)大債務(wù)人財(cái)產(chǎn)的處分方案。在合同處分時(shí),既要限制管理人決定權(quán),又不能影響債務(wù)人財(cái)產(chǎn)及時(shí)變現(xiàn)。筆者認(rèn)為:首先,借鑒美國(guó),采用“實(shí)質(zhì)違約說”判定待履行合同。其次,需要從立法上否認(rèn)一方破產(chǎn),對(duì)方可以解除合同的條款之強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行力,確保管理人能夠行使決定權(quán)。最后,出租人破產(chǎn)案件約占九成以上,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于承租人破產(chǎn)情形。相比于承租人破產(chǎn),出租人破產(chǎn)時(shí)的情況更為復(fù)雜。以保障合同相對(duì)人的權(quán)利為目的,一味的限縮管理人的決定權(quán),往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致債務(wù)人與相對(duì)人惡意串通,采取倒簽日期等方式訂立虛假租賃合同,擾亂破產(chǎn)秩序�？紤]到破產(chǎn)法立法宗旨,結(jié)合“買賣不破租賃”原則,采取折中方式,將管理人解除權(quán)限制于“居住+登記”模式中且租賃合同登記備案需發(fā)生在法院受理企業(yè)破產(chǎn)之前。
[Abstract]:A stable and orderly market economy is a strong guarantee for the normal operation of an enterprise. In turn, the normal operation of an enterprise also affects the order of the market economy. From the establishment of registration, operation, and cancellation of registration, Every link can not be separated from the restriction of law. After the enterprise enters the bankruptcy procedure, the problems of worker placement and creditor's rights distribution appear one after another. Especially in the case of insolvent debtor, all creditors should be fairly compensated. Bankruptcy law must make scientific and comprehensive guiding rules. Entering bankruptcy, contract disposition is everywhere. According to contract law, both parties must abide by the principle of good faith and fully fulfill their contractual obligations. At this time, in order to protect the common interests of all creditors, the debtor has to increase its own property as much as possible in order to increase the creditor's satisfaction rate. Article 18 of the bankruptcy Law provides, The administrator has the right to decide to terminate or continue to perform the contract which neither party has completed. However, in practice, on the one hand, the identification of "not completed performance" is ambiguous, which results in difficulties in the disposition of the lease contract that has not been fulfilled; on the other hand, No distinction is made between the lessee and the lessor in bankruptcy, which results in the abuse of the administrator's rights. In addition, except for the dissolution or performance of the contract, The administrator considers that article 18 also gives him the right to assign a contract, and this statement has been unanimously accepted in practice... and how the assignment is to be further specified by law... is retrieved by case study, A total of 70 cases relating to rule 18 of the insolvency law were found, Of these, the share of lease contracts is 41.4. All of these 29 lease contracts are discharged or deemed to be rescinded. Article 18 of the bankruptcy Law is designed to give the administrator the choice of a disposition scheme that can better expand the debtor's property. In the case of a contractual disposition, the decision of the administrator must be restricted. The author thinks: first of all, drawing lessons from the United States, we should use the "substantial breach of contract" theory to decide the contract to be performed. Secondly, we should legislatively deny the bankruptcy of one party. The enforcement of the terms of the contract can be rescinded by the other party, so as to ensure that the administrator can exercise the decision. Finally, the lessor's bankruptcy cases account for more than 90%, which is far higher than the bankruptcy of the lessee. Compared with the bankruptcy of the lessee, When the lessor goes bankrupt, the situation is more complicated. In order to protect the rights of the relative party of the contract and limit the decision of the administrator blindly, it will often lead to malicious collusion between the debtor and the relative party and the conclusion of the false lease contract by means of reverse signing date, etc. Disrupting the bankruptcy order. Considering the legislative purposes of the bankruptcy law and combining the principle of "buying and selling unbroken leases", we should adopt a compromise, The right of release of administrator is limited to the mode of "residence registration" and the registration of lease contract must occur before the court accepts the bankruptcy of the enterprise.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D923.6

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