本文關(guān)鍵詞： 城市墓地使用權(quán) 建設(shè)用地使用權(quán) 公益性 保護(hù)　出處：《遼寧大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：近年來,隨著人們“死不起”、“無處葬”的感慨,城市墓地使用權(quán)逐漸引起了社會的關(guān)注。城市墓地使用權(quán)涉及兩方主體,公墓建造者與墓主,具有有償取得性、受限制性和公益性�？v觀我國城市墓地使用權(quán)的法律現(xiàn)狀,存在不少問題,難以發(fā)揮保障墓地使用權(quán)的效能。當(dāng)前學(xué)術(shù)界對城市墓地使用權(quán)的研究寥寥無幾,現(xiàn)有的研究無法為未來立法提供有力的理論依據(jù),因此,有必要對城市墓地使用權(quán)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究。有關(guān)城市墓地使用權(quán)法律性質(zhì)的爭議主要集中在墓主墓地使用權(quán)的性質(zhì)上,由于債權(quán)性墓地使用權(quán)宜導(dǎo)致墓主墓地使用權(quán)處于不穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),極易受到公墓建造者或者第三人的侵害,而物權(quán)性墓地使用權(quán)具有排他性、穩(wěn)定性和保護(hù)的充分性優(yōu)勢,且城市墓地使用權(quán)符合建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)的特征,應(yīng)將其定性為建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)。在城市墓地使用權(quán)的取得方面,公墓建造者墓地使用權(quán)存在取得方式混亂,使用期限模糊,過度市場化導(dǎo)致土地成本增加,偏離了墓地公益性定位等問題,應(yīng)規(guī)定新增的墓地使用權(quán)均通過劃撥方式取得,已存的墓地使用權(quán)中,通過出讓取得的部分要給予財政補(bǔ)貼,建立自動續(xù)期規(guī)則。針對墓主墓地使用權(quán),要明確三個方面:(1)取得主體擴(kuò)大至死者及其近親屬,不能僅限于公墓認(rèn)購人;(2)規(guī)定墓主墓地使用權(quán)的期限,探索墓地循環(huán)使用的途徑。(3)明確規(guī)定墓主超面積、超數(shù)量取得墓地使用權(quán)和炒買炒賣行為的處罰規(guī)則�，F(xiàn)存的墓穴使用證證明方式不具有物權(quán)的公示效力,墓碑刻錄方式雖有公示功能,卻因為時間、大小等因素難以提供全面的公示保護(hù),因此可以建立墓主墓地使用權(quán)的登記對抗制。墓地作為祖先遺骸的安放之處和重要的祭祀場所,其重要性不言而喻,民法保護(hù)體系亦亟待建立。當(dāng)務(wù)之急是將墓地使用權(quán)納入到物權(quán)請求權(quán)保護(hù)項下,同時尋求予以墓主充分民事補(bǔ)償?shù)谋Ｗo(hù)模式,而不以限制土地所有權(quán)為中心。城市墓地使用權(quán)并不是永久存在的,公墓建造者的墓地使用權(quán)會因公益征收而終止,墓主墓地使用權(quán)會因公益征收、期限屆滿與回購而終止。在終止制度構(gòu)建上,應(yīng)對終止后地上物、骨灰等的處理方式作出明確的法律規(guī)定。如此方能構(gòu)建城市墓地使用權(quán)民事制度的完整體系。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the feeling that people can't afford to die and have nowhere to be buried, the right to use urban cemeteries has gradually aroused social concern. The right to use urban cemeteries involves two main bodies, the cemetery builders and the tomb owners, who have paid for obtaining the right to use the cemeteries. Limited and public welfare. Looking at the current legal situation of the right to use urban cemeteries in our country, there are many problems, it is difficult to give full play to the effectiveness of protecting the right to use cemeteries. At present, there are few studies on the right to use urban cemeteries in academia. The existing research can not provide a strong theoretical basis for future legislation. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically study the right to use urban cemeteries. The disputes about the legal nature of the right to use urban cemeteries mainly focus on the nature of the right to use cemeteries. Because the creditor's right to use the graveyard should lead to the unstable state of the use right of the graveyard owner, it is easy to be infringed by the cemetery builder or the third party, while the right to use the real right cemetery has the advantages of exclusiveness, stability and sufficient protection. And the right to use urban cemeteries accords with the characteristics of the right to use construction land, which should be defined as the right to use construction land. In the aspect of obtaining the right to use cemeteries, the way of obtaining the right to use cemeteries is confused, and the term of use is vague. Excessive marketization leads to the increase of land cost and deviates from the public welfare orientation of the graveyard. It should be stipulated that the newly added use right of the graveyard shall be obtained by means of allocation, and the portion of the existing graveyard use right obtained through the transfer should be subsidized. Establish automatic renewal rules. For the right to use the graveyard of the tomb owner, it is necessary to clarify three aspects: 1) the main body of the graveyard shall be extended to the deceased and his near relatives, and shall not be limited to the cemetery-subscriber, Mr. 2)) shall specify the time limit for the use of the graveyard. To explore the ways to recycle the graveyard. (3) clearly prescribing the penalty rules for obtaining the right to use the graveyard in excess of the number of the graveyard owners and for speculation and speculation. The existing ways of proving the use of the graveyard do not have the effect of publicizing the real right. Although tombstone burning has the function of publicity, it is difficult to provide comprehensive publicity protection because of time, size and other factors. It is therefore possible to establish a system of registration and confrontation of the right to use the graveyard. As a place where the remains of ancestors are laid and important places of worship, the importance of cemeteries is self-evident. It is urgent to establish the civil law protection system. The urgent task is to bring the right to use the graveyard under the protection of the right to claim the real right, and to seek the protection mode of giving sufficient civil compensation to the owners of the tomb. The right to use cemeteries is not permanent. The right to use cemeteries will be terminated by expropriation of public interests, and the right to use cemeteries will be expropriated by public welfare. In the construction of termination system, it is necessary to make clear legal provisions on the disposal of ground objects and ashes after termination. Only in this way can a complete system of civil system of the right to use urban cemeteries be constructed.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D923.2

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