本文關(guān)鍵詞：涉外遺囑法律適用規(guī)則的立法及其完善　出處：《安徽大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 涉外遺囑 法律適用 形式要件 實(shí)質(zhì)要件

【摘要】：《中華人共和國(guó)涉外民事關(guān)系法律適用法》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《法律適用法》)是我國(guó)第一部專門(mén)調(diào)整涉外民事關(guān)系的法律,在涉外遺囑的法律適用方面已有多項(xiàng)突破,但是規(guī)定仍然過(guò)于精簡(jiǎn),在隨后的最高人民法院關(guān)于適用《中華人民共和國(guó)涉外民事關(guān)系法律適用法》若干問(wèn)題的解釋一(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《法律適用法》解釋一)中也沒(méi)有規(guī)定與涉外遺囑直接相關(guān)的規(guī)定。遺囑的構(gòu)成要件是形式要件和實(shí)質(zhì)要件,《法律適用法》中涉外遺囑的沖突規(guī)則分為遺囑方式和遺囑效力,遺囑方式的概念小于遺囑形式要件的概念,遺囑效力的概念大于實(shí)質(zhì)要件的概念,實(shí)體法和沖突法的不對(duì)應(yīng)以及概念上的模糊導(dǎo)致法官不明白沖突規(guī)則的范圍。遺囑方式的連接點(diǎn)與國(guó)際趨勢(shì)相比,少了不動(dòng)產(chǎn)所在地連接點(diǎn),這是一個(gè)較大的疏漏。當(dāng)前,一國(guó)公民在海外購(gòu)置房產(chǎn)或者移民以后在國(guó)內(nèi)留有房產(chǎn)的情況屢見(jiàn)不鮮,不能排除遺囑人依不動(dòng)產(chǎn)所在地法訂立遺囑。涉外遺囑效力的連接點(diǎn)包括立遺囑時(shí)或者死亡時(shí)國(guó)籍國(guó)法或者經(jīng)常居所地法,沒(méi)有規(guī)定如何適用這一規(guī)則,究竟是適用其一皆有效還是選用其一。根據(jù)《法律適用法》第三條以及《法律適用法》解釋一第六條,我國(guó)并沒(méi)有承認(rèn)當(dāng)事人意思自治原則在涉外遺囑領(lǐng)域的適用,不僅沒(méi)有貫徹遺囑自由,還給司法實(shí)踐中造成了麻煩。法律規(guī)定的不完善往往會(huì)造成審判的不公正,《法律適用法》施行四年有余,涉外遺囑繼承案件的審判經(jīng)驗(yàn)在增加,審判中的問(wèn)題卻沒(méi)有得到解決。我國(guó)法院審判的涉外遺囑繼承案件多為涉港遺囑繼承糾紛,各法院針對(duì)涉港遺囑糾紛適用的法律不一致,各級(jí)法院對(duì)《法律適用法》的溯及力問(wèn)題看法不一致,遺囑效力的準(zhǔn)據(jù)法的選擇存在傾向于中國(guó)的態(tài)度,針對(duì)部分立遺囑人做出選法的意思表示,幾乎沒(méi)有法院作出回應(yīng)。自從我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力上升,對(duì)外貿(mào)易、移民頻繁,我國(guó)的涉外遺囑糾紛的數(shù)量逐漸上漲,因此完善我國(guó)的《法律適用法》對(duì)于維護(hù)立遺囑人的權(quán)利和我國(guó)的社會(huì)公共利益至關(guān)重要。在涉外遺囑領(lǐng)域引入當(dāng)事人意思自治原則,可以采取明示和默示的方式,在遺囑生效前都可以設(shè)立和變更,當(dāng)事人可選擇的范圍包括立遺囑時(shí)或者死亡時(shí)經(jīng)常居所地法或者國(guó)籍國(guó)法。通過(guò)合理性探討以及國(guó)際趨勢(shì)的總結(jié),我國(guó)的涉外遺囑沖突規(guī)則可以采用簡(jiǎn)便的二分制原則,即形式要件和實(shí)質(zhì)要件的二分制,實(shí)現(xiàn)與實(shí)體法的對(duì)應(yīng)。形式要件不僅包含方式,還包括遺囑參與人資格和遺囑的撤銷,形式要件沖突規(guī)則的連接點(diǎn)增加不動(dòng)產(chǎn)所在地。實(shí)質(zhì)要件的內(nèi)涵包括遺囑能力、遺囑受益人資格、遺囑保留份、意思表示真實(shí)、遺囑的解釋五要素,同時(shí)限制實(shí)質(zhì)要件沖突規(guī)則的時(shí)間要素和空間要素,符合立遺囑時(shí)的經(jīng)常居所地和國(guó)籍國(guó)均為有效。這些連接點(diǎn)是在密切聯(lián)系以及對(duì)立遺囑人的意思推定上所選定的,加上當(dāng)事人意思自治原則,都是為了盡量實(shí)現(xiàn)形式正義和實(shí)質(zhì)正義的平衡,逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)際私法的目標(biāo)。
[Abstract]:The "law of the people's Republic of China concerning foreign-related civil relations law applicable law" (hereinafter referred to as the "legal applicable law") is China's first special adjustment of foreign-related civil relations law applicable law has a number of breakthroughs in foreign-related testamentary provisions, but still too lean, in a subsequent interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on issues concerning the application of "People's Republic of China foreign-related civil relations law applicable law" (hereinafter referred to as the "Application of law" interpretation) is not in accordance with the provisions of foreign testamentary directly related. Elements of the will is the formal requirements and substantial requirements, "the effectiveness of conflict rules of law applicable to foreign-related testamentary law" is divided into the form of a will and testament of the concept will less than wills, the concept will effect is greater than the concept of substantial elements, fuzzy substantive law and conflict of laws does not correspond to the concept and causes judges do not understand the rules of conflict. The connection point of the way of the will is less than the international trend, and the connection point of the real estate is less, which is a larger omission. At present, a country's citizens purchase property or immigrants after buying overseas property is often seen in the country. It is impossible to exclude testamentary people from making a testament in accordance with the law of the place where the real estate is located. The connection point of validity of foreign Testament includes law of nationality, national law or habitual residence at the time of wills or death. There is no rule on how to apply this rule. According to the third application of the law and the application of the law, one or sixth articles have been explained. Our country has not recognized the application of the principle of autonomy of the parties in the field of foreign Testament. It not only failed to carry out the freedom of Testament, but also caused trouble in judicial practice. The imperfection of the law often results in the injustice of the trial. More than four years after the implementation of the law of applicable law, the trial experience of foreign testamentary succession cases is increasing, but the problems in the trial have not been solved. China's court trial foreign testamentary succession cases mostly involving Hong Kong inheritance disputes, the court in Hong Kong will dispute the applicable law is inconsistent, the courts view the retroactivity of law "applicable law" inconsistent applicable law will effect the choice there tend to China attitude, for the part of wills people make selection intention, almost no response to the court. Since China's economic strength has increased and foreign trade and immigration have been frequent, the number of foreign testamentary disputes in China has been increasing. Therefore, improving our country's law applicable law is very important for safeguarding the testator's rights and social public interests in China. The principle of autonomy of the parties in the field of foreign testament can be established by way of express and implied, and can be set up or changed before the testament is effective. The parties may choose to include the law of the habitual residence or the law of Nationality under the time of the will. Through the discussion of rationality and the summary of international trend, China's foreign wills conflict rules can adopt a simple two point system principle, namely, the two points system of formal requirements and substantive elements, so as to achieve the corresponding with substantive law. The form elements include not only the way, but also the revocation of the testamentary participants and the will, and the connection points of the formal elements conflict rules increase the location of the real estate. The connotation of the substantive elements of testamentary capacity, including the qualification of testament beneficiary and will retain copies, the true meaning, will explain the five elements, the time factor and the space factor while limiting the substantive elements of conflict rules, will conform to the habitual residence and nationality are effective. These connections are selected on the presumption of close connection and the testator's meaning, plus the principle of autonomy of the parties, all in order to achieve the balance between formal justice and substantive justice, and gradually achieve the goal of private international law.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：D923

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