本文選題：社會(huì)權(quán) + 社會(huì)法��； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：權(quán)利是法學(xué)的基本范疇,社會(huì)權(quán)是社會(huì)法學(xué)的基本范疇。正是在社會(huì)權(quán)觀念日漸深入的當(dāng)下,其實(shí)現(xiàn)之訴求日益強(qiáng)烈,以保障社會(huì)權(quán)為使命的社會(huì)立法才得以迅速發(fā)達(dá)起來,社會(huì)法學(xué)理論也在此社會(huì)法制背景下得以繁榮發(fā)展。社會(huì)法是保障公民社會(huì)權(quán)之法,社會(huì)權(quán)是社會(huì)法學(xué)的邏輯起點(diǎn)和核心范疇。從歷史的維度來看,社會(huì)權(quán)觀念伴生于人權(quán)思想,并逐步成為人權(quán)思想的重要內(nèi)容和組成部分�？梢哉f,社會(huì)權(quán)觀念的形成和發(fā)展深化并豐富了人權(quán)思想的內(nèi)涵。人權(quán)思想的著眼點(diǎn)是如何妥切地定位公民與國(guó)家之間的關(guān)系,所有關(guān)于社會(huì)權(quán)內(nèi)涵、屬性、種類等問題的糾葛,莫不源于對(duì)此關(guān)系的不同認(rèn)識(shí)。本文嘗試將社會(huì)權(quán)定義為:公民享有的請(qǐng)求國(guó)家積極作為以維持最低生存條件,實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)公平正義之目的的權(quán)利。并認(rèn)為社會(huì)權(quán)具有自然權(quán)利與法律權(quán)利的雙重內(nèi)容,主觀權(quán)利與客觀法價(jià)值的雙重性質(zhì),防御權(quán)與受益權(quán)的雙重功能以及積極權(quán)利與消極權(quán)利的雙重效力。從權(quán)利構(gòu)造的角度來看,社會(huì)權(quán)的權(quán)利主體是全體社會(huì)成員,特別是在經(jīng)濟(jì)等方面處于弱勢(shì)地位的個(gè)人或群體。社會(huì)權(quán)的義務(wù)主體是國(guó)家,主要指政府。國(guó)家需要為弱勢(shì)群體獲得社會(huì)的救濟(jì)和保障提供有效的途徑和支持。社會(huì)權(quán)的基本內(nèi)容是公民要求國(guó)家救助與幫扶的積極行為,以及保障最低生存條件的各種支持。社會(huì)權(quán)不僅是一種關(guān)于權(quán)利的思想理論,也是法律確立的對(duì)象。社會(huì)權(quán)的法律確立需要通過國(guó)際條約在國(guó)內(nèi)法的轉(zhuǎn)化、憲法層面國(guó)家義務(wù)的落實(shí)以及社會(huì)立法明確權(quán)利具體內(nèi)容三個(gè)層面進(jìn)行。首先,以《經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和文化權(quán)利公約》為源流填補(bǔ)國(guó)內(nèi)法中立法的空缺,尤其是集體勞動(dòng)權(quán),如罷工權(quán)、結(jié)社自由權(quán)等基本權(quán)利應(yīng)該在國(guó)內(nèi)法中予以確立。其次,在憲法層面,國(guó)家義務(wù)可以通過制度性保障、組織與程序保障和立法機(jī)關(guān)立法義務(wù)三個(gè)角度加以落實(shí);在社會(huì)立法層面,編撰《社會(huì)法典》雖為一種理想化的期待,卻是社會(huì)法立法體系化的表征,為此應(yīng)完善社會(huì)給付相關(guān)立法和勞動(dòng)基準(zhǔn)立法,作為社會(huì)權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)的立法基礎(chǔ)。促進(jìn)社會(huì)權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)力因素和妨礙社會(huì)權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)的阻力因素同時(shí)并存。社會(huì)權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)是民生改善的基本訴求,承載著社會(huì)公平正義價(jià)值的基本追求,更是人權(quán)保障的核心目標(biāo),這些積極因素大大推動(dòng)了社會(huì)權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。反之,社會(huì)權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)的過程中面臨著立法上、路徑上以及救濟(jì)上的阻力因素,妨礙了社會(huì)權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)進(jìn)程。人口政策調(diào)整與經(jīng)濟(jì)新常態(tài)背景下,社會(huì)權(quán)保障面臨著解決現(xiàn)實(shí)問題的新任務(wù)。其中,人口政策旨在解決人口老齡化帶來的勞動(dòng)力缺乏和養(yǎng)老金緊缺等現(xiàn)實(shí)問題。實(shí)證表明,二孩政策出臺(tái)后,人口數(shù)量增長(zhǎng)有限、政策效果甚微。除了應(yīng)提倡年輕人生育、鼓勵(lì)老年人繼續(xù)就業(yè)、促進(jìn)養(yǎng)老服務(wù)體系的社會(huì)化之外,還應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)特殊群體,如孕產(chǎn)婦、老年人相關(guān)社會(huì)權(quán)益的保障,推進(jìn)人口政策的施行。尤其在延遲退休政策即將出臺(tái)之際,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)社會(huì)權(quán)的保障更具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。另外,在經(jīng)濟(jì)新常態(tài)下,企業(yè)與勞動(dòng)者之間矛盾加劇,為協(xié)調(diào)勞資雙方利益,可以考慮修改《勞動(dòng)法》,應(yīng)維持以勞動(dòng)基準(zhǔn)為最底線的強(qiáng)制性保障原則;適度修正《勞動(dòng)合同法》中對(duì)企業(yè)規(guī)制過度的條款;在經(jīng)濟(jì)下行期,還應(yīng)在保證既有的社會(huì)保障財(cái)政支出的基礎(chǔ)上,優(yōu)化社會(huì)保障結(jié)構(gòu),提高社會(huì)保障效率,實(shí)現(xiàn)以集體協(xié)商法律機(jī)制、社會(huì)分層保護(hù)機(jī)制和社會(huì)權(quán)量化評(píng)估機(jī)制為核心的社會(huì)權(quán)保障機(jī)制,以應(yīng)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)新常態(tài)下的諸多現(xiàn)實(shí)問題,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)權(quán)保障、民生改善和經(jīng)濟(jì)的共同發(fā)展。社會(huì)權(quán)救濟(jì)是社會(huì)權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)的最后一道屏障。目前,社會(huì)權(quán)救濟(jì)主要依賴于傳統(tǒng)的民事和行政救濟(jì)途徑。因受到訴訟主體、訴訟范圍等諸多條件的限制,社會(huì)權(quán)救濟(jì)受阻。在私法領(lǐng)域,社會(huì)權(quán)作為憲法權(quán)利適用于司法裁判的案例有、但并不多見,大多案件主要通過民事訴訟途徑解決。因此,可以考慮在民事審判中成立獨(dú)立的社會(huì)法庭,而非社會(huì)法院,專門就社會(huì)權(quán)相關(guān)案件進(jìn)行審理,提高審判效率和專業(yè)性。在公法領(lǐng)域,社會(huì)權(quán)作為一項(xiàng)給付請(qǐng)求權(quán),應(yīng)從實(shí)體和程序兩個(gè)方面,明確社會(huì)立法中對(duì)公民最低生存條件保障的相關(guān)規(guī)定,通過完善行政訴訟制度實(shí)現(xiàn)有效行政救濟(jì)。最后,積極推行公益訴訟在社會(huì)法領(lǐng)域的適用,以構(gòu)建公益訴訟機(jī)制,突破傳統(tǒng)對(duì)社會(huì)權(quán)救濟(jì)不足的困境,最終促進(jìn)社會(huì)權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。
[Abstract]:Right is the basic category of law, and social right is the basic category of social law. It is at the moment that the concept of social rights is deepening day by day. The demand of the social law is rapidly developed, and the social law theory is prosperous and developed in the background of social legal system. The social right is the logical starting point and core category of social law. From the historical point of view, the concept of social rights is born with human rights thought, and gradually becomes an important content and component of human rights thought. It can be said that the formation and development of the concept of social rights have deepened and enriched the connotation of human rights thought. The point of view is how to properly locate the relationship between the citizens and the state. All the disputes about the connotation, attributes and types of social rights are not derived from the different understanding of the relationship. This article tries to define social rights as: the request state enjoyed by the citizens to maintain the minimum living conditions and realize the goal of social justice and justice. The social right has dual content of natural and legal rights, dual nature of subjective right and objective legal value, dual function of defense and benefit rights, and double effect of positive and negative rights. From the angle of right structure, the main body of social rights is all social members, especially Individuals or groups who are in a disadvantaged position in economic and other aspects. The subject of social rights is the state, which mainly refers to the government. The state needs to provide effective ways and support for the social relief and security for the disadvantaged groups. The basic content of the social rights is that the citizens require the active actions of the state to help and help, and to guarantee the minimum living conditions. All kinds of support. Social right is not only an ideological theory about rights, but also an object established by law. The legal establishment of social rights should be carried out in three layers: the transformation of international treaties, the implementation of national obligations at the constitutional level and the specific content of the clear rights of social legislation. First, "economic, social and cultural rights" In order to fill the gaps in the legislation of domestic law, the Convention, especially the collective labor rights, such as the right to strike, the right to freedom of association and other basic rights should be established in the domestic law. Secondly, at the constitutional level, the state obligations can be implemented through three angles, namely, institutional guarantee, organization and procedural guarantee and legislative obligation of legislative organs; On the legislative level, compiling the social code is an idealized expectation, but it is the representation of the legislative systematization of social law. To this end, it should perfect the relevant legislation of social payment and labor standard legislation, as the legislative basis for the realization of social rights. The motive factors of promoting the realization of social rights and the resistance factors that impede the realization of social rights coexist simultaneously. The realization is the basic demand for the improvement of the people's livelihood, carrying the basic pursuit of the value of social justice and justice, but also the core goal of the protection of human rights. These positive factors have greatly promoted the realization of social rights. On the contrary, the realization of social rights is faced with the legislative, path and relief factors in the process of social rights, which hinders the realization of social rights. Under the background of the adjustment of population policy and the new normal economy, the social rights protection is facing a new task to solve the practical problems. Among them, the population policy aims to solve the practical problems such as the lack of labor force and pension shortage caused by the aging of the population. The empirical evidence shows that after the introduction of the two child policy, the population growth is limited and the policy effect is very small. To promote the birth of young people, encourage the elderly to continue their employment and promote the socialization of the old-age service system, we should strengthen the protection of the social rights and interests of special groups, such as pregnant and parturient, the elderly, and promote the implementation of the population policy. Especially when the policy of postponing retirement is about to be introduced, it is more realistic to emphasize the protection of social rights. In addition, in the new normal economy, the contradiction between enterprises and workers is intensified. In order to coordinate the interests of labor and capital, it is possible to modify the labor law and maintain the principle of compulsory guarantee with the baseline of labor as the bottom line, and appropriately amend the provisions of the excessive regulation of the enterprise in the labor contract law; in the economic downside period, the existing social insurance should also be guaranteed. On the basis of the obstacle financial expenditure, we should optimize the social security structure, improve the social security efficiency, realize the social rights guarantee mechanism based on the legal mechanism of collective consultation, the social stratification protection mechanism and the quantitative evaluation mechanism of social rights, in response to many practical questions under the new normal economy, thus realizing the social rights guarantee, the improvement of the people's livelihood and the economy. The social right relief is the last barrier to the realization of social rights. At present, social rights relief mainly depends on the traditional civil and administrative remedy ways. Because of the restrictions on the subject, the scope of litigation and many other conditions, the social rights relief is blocked. In the private law field, the social right is the case of the constitutional right applicable to the judicial referee. Yes, but not much, most cases are mainly solved through civil procedure. Therefore, we can consider the establishment of an independent social tribunal in civil trial, not a Social Court, to trial the related cases of social rights, to improve the efficiency and professionalism of the trial. In the field of public law, social rights should be taken as a request for payment, which should be from the entity and the process. In order to clarify the relevant provisions in the two aspects of social legislation to guarantee the minimum living conditions of the citizens and to achieve effective administrative relief through the improvement of the administrative litigation system. Finally, the application of public interest litigation in the field of social law is actively pursued in order to build public interest litigation mechanism and break through the traditional dilemma of the lack of social rights relief, and ultimately promote social rights. Realization.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：D922.182.3

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