【摘要】：自2013年起,家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)連續(xù)多年在中央一號(hào)文件中出現(xiàn),因其具有規(guī)模化、集約化、商品化特征,成為我國(guó)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì)。2014年被第66屆聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)確定為“國(guó)際家庭農(nóng)業(yè)年”,旨在重新定位家庭農(nóng)業(yè)在國(guó)家農(nóng)業(yè)中的重要性�？梢�(jiàn),無(wú)論對(duì)我國(guó)還是世界各國(guó),家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)對(duì)未來(lái)農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。近年來(lái),我國(guó)各地家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)蓬勃興起,但總體處于起步階段,普遍面臨大量的資金需求問(wèn)題。然而,由于金融具有營(yíng)利性,金融組織自然不會(huì)主動(dòng)將資源投向發(fā)展相對(duì)弱小的家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)。同時(shí),家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)受到農(nóng)業(yè)弱質(zhì)產(chǎn)業(yè)性質(zhì)的影響,無(wú)法有效吸引金融資金的投入。這就需要國(guó)家對(duì)金融資源配置進(jìn)行宏觀調(diào)控,為家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)的金融支持提供法律保障。目前,關(guān)于支持家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)的具體金融措施大都以政策形式存在,并未賦予法律效力。如此情形下,家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)金融支持的法律問(wèn)題便應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。法理學(xué)的實(shí)質(zhì)正義理論和經(jīng)濟(jì)法的宏觀調(diào)控理論為家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)金融支持奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的理論基礎(chǔ)。實(shí)踐中,家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)金融供給與需求的矛盾也反映出金融對(duì)家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)支持的必要性。為此,筆者從兩方面入手,解決家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)金融支持面臨的法律問(wèn)題:一是剖析家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)自身存在的法律障礙,這是家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)獲得金融支持的前提;二是從農(nóng)村金融組織形式的視角,考察農(nóng)村合作性金融、政策性金融和商業(yè)性金融組織在服務(wù)家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)過(guò)程中存在的法律問(wèn)題,這是家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)獲得資金的關(guān)鍵。從家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)自身角度考慮,第一,其認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和組織形式不確定,即法律地位不明確。在與金融組織的信貸法律關(guān)系中,家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)無(wú)法成為合格的承貸主體,進(jìn)而影響其信貸資金的獲得。第二,由于土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)抵押存在法律障礙,且家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)缺乏有效抵押資產(chǎn),導(dǎo)致其融資能力受限。第三,我國(guó)大部分地區(qū)家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)信用評(píng)級(jí)體系缺失,金融組織出于信貸資產(chǎn)安全性考慮,減少對(duì)家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)的融資貸款。從農(nóng)村金融組織角度考慮,目前,農(nóng)村各類金融組織在支持家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)方面,存在以下法律問(wèn)題:農(nóng)村合作性金融組織缺乏服務(wù)“三農(nóng)”的有效激勵(lì),專門(mén)立法缺位;農(nóng)村政策性金融組織在業(yè)務(wù)范圍、職能定位以及監(jiān)管制度方面存在立法缺陷;農(nóng)村商業(yè)性金融組織支農(nóng)法律制度供給不足,新型農(nóng)村金融組織法律供給缺位。本文參考相關(guān)學(xué)者研究成果以及最新法規(guī)、規(guī)范性法律文件的規(guī)定,借鑒美國(guó)、加拿大、法國(guó)、日本等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的合作性、政策性金融支持家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)法律制度;運(yùn)用文獻(xiàn)研究法、比較分析法和演繹歸納法,針對(duì)上述兩方面問(wèn)題,提出相應(yīng)的法律對(duì)策。一方面,就家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)自身而言:應(yīng)當(dāng)依法確立家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)的市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并賦予其自主選擇法律組織形式的權(quán)利,以此來(lái)明確它的法律地位。修改《擔(dān)保法》等相關(guān)法律,允許農(nóng)村土地承包經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)、宅基地使用權(quán)和房屋成為抵押權(quán)客體,積極拓寬抵質(zhì)押擔(dān)保物范圍;同時(shí),創(chuàng)新金融服務(wù)方式,家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)適用聯(lián)保貸款制度。此外,應(yīng)當(dāng)盡快建立家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)的信用評(píng)級(jí)體系,具體通過(guò)確定評(píng)級(jí)主體,明確評(píng)級(jí)客體,規(guī)定評(píng)級(jí)時(shí)效來(lái)完成。另一方面,就農(nóng)村金融組織而言:應(yīng)當(dāng)創(chuàng)新合作性金融組織運(yùn)行機(jī)制,即家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)作為社員擁有合作金融的產(chǎn)權(quán),合作金融組織只向社員提供金融產(chǎn)品和服務(wù),實(shí)現(xiàn)民主管理;并且制定專門(mén)法律予以保障。政策性金融組織需要明確其職能定位,區(qū)分政策性業(yè)務(wù)和商業(yè)性業(yè)務(wù);農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展銀行的業(yè)務(wù)范圍應(yīng)當(dāng)涵蓋家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)。通過(guò)修改《商業(yè)銀行法》相關(guān)規(guī)定,確保商業(yè)性金融組織對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)信貸的投放比例,建立浮動(dòng)利率制度,完善再貸款制度,從而擴(kuò)大農(nóng)村資金供應(yīng)量;并增加新型農(nóng)村金融組織縣域網(wǎng)點(diǎn)布局,立足于服務(wù)“三農(nóng)”,創(chuàng)新其財(cái)稅優(yōu)惠法律制度。家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)金融支持法律問(wèn)題是一個(gè)嶄新的法律課題�，F(xiàn)有研究主要集中在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和金融學(xué)領(lǐng)域,筆者嘗試從法律層面剖析家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)金融支持所面臨的困境。并試圖把家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)與農(nóng)村商業(yè)性、政策性、合作性金融組織緊密相聯(lián),從中找出家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)金融支持法律問(wèn)題的解決路徑。
[Abstract]:Since 2013, family farms have been appearing in the No. 1 document of the Central Committee for many years. Because of their characteristics of scale, intensiveness and commercialization, family farms have become an inevitable trend in the development of modern agriculture in China. In recent years, family farms have flourished in various parts of China, but they are still in the initial stage, generally facing a large number of capital needs. However, because of the profitability of finance, financial organizations will not take the initiative to invest resources in the development of relatively weak. At the same time, the production and operation of family farms are affected by the nature of weak agricultural industries, which can not effectively attract financial investment. This requires the state to macro-control the allocation of financial resources to provide legal protection for the financial support of family farms. In this case, the legal problems of family farm financial support arise. The substantive justice theory of jurisprudence and the Macro-control Theory of economic law lay a solid theoretical foundation for family farm financial support. In practice, the contradiction between the supply and demand of family farm finance is also reversed. Therefore, the author starts from two aspects to solve the legal problems facing the financial support of family farms: one is to analyze the legal obstacles existing in family farms, which is the premise for family farms to obtain financial support; the other is to examine rural cooperative finance from the perspective of rural financial organization form. From the perspective of the family farm itself, firstly, the criteria and organization form of the family farm are uncertain, that is, the legal status is not clear. In the credit legal relationship with the financial organization, the family farm can not. Second, due to the legal obstacles in the mortgage of land contractual management rights and the lack of effective mortgage assets on family farms, their financing capacity is limited. Third, the lack of credit rating system on family farms in most parts of China, financial organizations out of the security test of credit assets. Considering from the perspective of rural financial organizations, there are the following legal problems in supporting family farms: rural cooperative financial organizations lack effective incentives to serve "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" and lack of special legislation; rural policy financial organizations have definite functions in their business scope. This paper refers to the research results of relevant scholars, the latest laws and regulations, the provisions of normative legal documents, and the cooperation of developed countries such as the United States, Canada, France and Japan. On the one hand, as far as the family farm itself is concerned, it should establish the market access standard of the family farm according to law and give it the right to choose the form of legal organization independently. In order to clarify its legal status, we should amend the relevant laws, such as the Guarantee Law, to allow the contractual management right of rural land, the use right of homestead and the house to become the object of mortgage, and actively expand the scope of pledge collateral; at the same time, we should innovate the financial service mode and apply the joint guarantee loan system to the family farm. In addition, we should establish the family farm as soon as possible. Credit rating system can be accomplished by defining the subject of rating, defining the object of rating and prescribing the time limit of rating. Policy-oriented financial organizations need to define their functions and distinguish between policy-oriented and commercial businesses. The scope of business of the Agricultural Development Bank should cover family farms. By amending the relevant provisions of the Commercial Bank Law, the ratio of agricultural credit to commercial financial organizations should be ensured. Establishing a floating interest rate system, improving the re-lending system, thereby expanding the supply of rural funds; and increasing the distribution of new rural financial organizations in the county, based on serving the "three rural" and innovating their fiscal and tax preferential legal system. In the field of science and finance, the author tries to analyze the dilemma faced by family farm financial support from the legal level, and tries to link family farm closely with rural commercial, policy-oriented and cooperative financial organizations, so as to find out the solution to the legal problems of family farm financial support.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：D922.28

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