本文選題：大規(guī)模侵權(quán) + 侵權(quán)責(zé)任��； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：隨著人類社會的工業(yè)化不斷的向前推進(jìn),我們在享受科技進(jìn)步、社會文明的同時(shí),也置身于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會的處處威脅之中。在食品安全、產(chǎn)品責(zé)任、證券欺詐、環(huán)境污染、安全責(zé)任等領(lǐng)域頻繁發(fā)生大規(guī)模侵權(quán)事件,造成了廣大人民群眾人身上的損害、財(cái)產(chǎn)上的損失,影響了正常經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),若處理不當(dāng),甚至?xí)斐缮鐣膭邮?進(jìn)而威脅我們共同生活的安全。大規(guī)模侵權(quán)行為因具有受害人多數(shù)性、損害事由同質(zhì)性、因果關(guān)系復(fù)雜性、損害賠償困難性等特質(zhì),使得傳統(tǒng)的“一對一”侵權(quán)損害賠償無力滿足大規(guī)模侵權(quán)損害的救濟(jì)。而責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)作為有效化解大規(guī)模侵權(quán)的責(zé)任風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、補(bǔ)償巨額損失的核心機(jī)制,如何設(shè)計(jì)制度架構(gòu)以促進(jìn)其最大限度的發(fā)揮積極作用是理論界和實(shí)務(wù)界面臨的重大課題。以法律視角切入,有必要從理論基礎(chǔ)到制度構(gòu)建對大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)制度進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)化的研究。尤其是在我國的責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)市場起步較晚、責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)的各險(xiǎn)種發(fā)展較緩慢的現(xiàn)實(shí)背景下,更需要我們在理論上對大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)制度的建構(gòu)提供充分的理論依據(jù)及全面的制度剖析。本文就大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)制度的理論基礎(chǔ)、制度建構(gòu)的必要性、可行性解析、域外經(jīng)驗(yàn)的考察及我國大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)制度的規(guī)則設(shè)計(jì)等問題進(jìn)行了全面的研究。就大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)的基礎(chǔ)理論而言�！按笠�(guī)模侵權(quán)”最早由西方學(xué)者提出,我國學(xué)者將其引進(jìn)后并未達(dá)成共識,為制度構(gòu)建的需要,本文首先將大規(guī)模侵權(quán)行為的內(nèi)涵界定為由單一或多個(gè)侵權(quán)人基于同一個(gè)或多個(gè)同質(zhì)的事由,造成人數(shù)眾多的受害者數(shù)額巨大的人身上的損害、財(cái)產(chǎn)上的損失或同時(shí)造成以上人身和財(cái)產(chǎn)的損害,并予以特殊救濟(jì)的民事不法行為。并根據(jù)這一內(nèi)涵的界定,對大規(guī)模侵權(quán)的特征加以厘清,并根據(jù)這些特征將近年來頻繁發(fā)生在食品藥品責(zé)任領(lǐng)域、大規(guī)模環(huán)境污染領(lǐng)域、高度危險(xiǎn)作業(yè)領(lǐng)域以及證券欺詐領(lǐng)域損害事故加以類型化。并以大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理為視角,對大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)作出認(rèn)定,指出大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)有助于分散大規(guī)模侵權(quán)引起的責(zé)任風(fēng)險(xiǎn),維護(hù)受害人合法權(quán)益、降低社會成本,分擔(dān)政府責(zé)任、實(shí)現(xiàn)法的安全、效率的價(jià)值等價(jià)值取向。就大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)構(gòu)建的現(xiàn)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)而言。大規(guī)模侵權(quán)有別于一般侵權(quán)行為的特殊性,使得傳統(tǒng)的民事責(zé)任承擔(dān)無法滿足對受害者的損害救濟(jì),若單純依靠民事訴訟程序,應(yīng)對當(dāng)前的大規(guī)模侵權(quán)糾紛,在我國當(dāng)前的法律制度框架體系下,采取單一主體、單個(gè)立案的方式,會造成司法資源的浪費(fèi),亦難以實(shí)現(xiàn)救濟(jì)受害人的目的;而行政救濟(jì)往往是由政府財(cái)政獨(dú)攬,承擔(dān)主要的賠付責(zé)任,這可能會引起社會公眾的不滿而引發(fā)新的社會問題,從而遭受質(zhì)疑;在國外曾發(fā)揮積極作用的基金賠償模式也因基金的發(fā)起、基金財(cái)產(chǎn)的來源及管理運(yùn)作等問題的存在也影響損害賠償基金的適用。相應(yīng)救濟(jì)措施存在的缺陷為責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)這一社會化賠償手段運(yùn)用到大規(guī)模侵權(quán)提供了可能性和必要性的要求。必要性主要體現(xiàn)在因應(yīng)大規(guī)模侵權(quán)救濟(jì)的需求,補(bǔ)償巨額損害;實(shí)現(xiàn)分配正義的需要,保障受害人的權(quán)益;實(shí)現(xiàn)法的安全、效率的價(jià)值;促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,保持社會的穩(wěn)定的需要。但有發(fā)展的必要性并不必然就具有建構(gòu)的可行性,通過對傳統(tǒng)保險(xiǎn)可保性的分析,指出大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)通過可保性的擴(kuò)張,契合我國保險(xiǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的方向、基本的法律環(huán)境已經(jīng)初步形成規(guī)模,政府積極的政策引導(dǎo),大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)制度的構(gòu)建是完全必要而且可行的。就大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)制度的域外考察而言。西方各主要發(fā)達(dá)國家保險(xiǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的歷史較為悠久,在責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)領(lǐng)域積累了豐富的理論和實(shí)踐的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。本文基于西方國家大規(guī)模侵權(quán)發(fā)生的不同領(lǐng)域適用的法律規(guī)范內(nèi)容及相應(yīng)的制度設(shè)計(jì)現(xiàn)狀,對大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)發(fā)展的法律環(huán)境的經(jīng)驗(yàn)加以借鑒,無過失責(zé)任的確立,運(yùn)用因果關(guān)系推定等制度的增設(shè),增加了潛在侵權(quán)人的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增加必然使保險(xiǎn)的需求擴(kuò)張,從而使責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)的發(fā)展成為必然,積極的政策引導(dǎo)也為責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)的發(fā)展保駕護(hù)航。就我國大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)制度建構(gòu)而言。本文主要以大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)建構(gòu)的外部環(huán)境的總體框架及具體規(guī)則的設(shè)計(jì)為線索,有步驟地建構(gòu)我國的大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)制度。總體框架主要包括法律法規(guī)體系、政策保障體系、技術(shù)支撐體系及能力建設(shè)平臺四個(gè)方面,并在總體框架下建立健全相應(yīng)的制度建設(shè),為大規(guī)模侵權(quán)責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造良好的外部環(huán)境。具體的制度設(shè)計(jì)主要包括以強(qiáng)制責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)為中心的保險(xiǎn)模式;為合理利用現(xiàn)有資源,本文主張以政府指導(dǎo)下的商業(yè)保險(xiǎn)公司為主要的經(jīng)營主體,共保聯(lián)營組織加以配合;對侵權(quán)人無過失甚至一定條件的重大過失的侵權(quán)行為進(jìn)行承保,并將人身傷害、財(cái)產(chǎn)損失及精神損害均列為保險(xiǎn)賠付的范圍,并列出除外責(zé)任以減輕保險(xiǎn)公司經(jīng)營的風(fēng)險(xiǎn);同時(shí)對限額賠償與免陪額、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率的厘定、期內(nèi)索賠的保險(xiǎn)方式、再保險(xiǎn)分散風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等規(guī)則進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。
[Abstract]:With the continuous advancement of the industrialization of human society, we are also in the risk society at the same time as we enjoy scientific and technological progress and social civilization. In the fields of food safety, product liability, securities fraud, environmental pollution, safety responsibility and other areas, large scale torts have occurred frequently, which have caused the people of the masses. The damage and the loss of property affect the operation of the normal economic order. If it is not handled properly, it may even cause social turbulence and threaten the security of our common life. The mass torts have the characteristics of the majority of the victims, the damage cause of the same quality, the complexity of the causality, the damage to the compensation difficulty and so on, which makes the traditional "one pair" One "tort damage compensation can not meet the relief of large-scale tort damage. Liability insurance, as the core mechanism of effectively resolving the liability risk of large-scale tort and compensating for huge losses, how to design institutional framework to promote its maximum exertion is a major issue in the theoretical and practical circles. It is necessary to systematically study the system of large-scale tort liability insurance from the theoretical basis to the system, especially in the late start of the liability insurance market in China, and the slow development of various kinds of insurance in the liability insurance, which requires us to provide the full construction of the large scale tort liability insurance system in theory. In this paper, the theoretical basis of the large-scale tort liability insurance system, the necessity of the system construction, the analysis of the feasibility, the inspection of the extraterritorial experience and the rules design of the large-scale tort liability insurance system in China are studied in this paper. The basic theory of the large-scale tort liability insurance is made. "Large-scale tort" was first proposed by western scholars, and the Chinese scholars have not reached a consensus after introducing it. In order to build the system, this article first defines the connotation of large-scale tort as a single or multiple tortfeasor based on the same or multiple homogeneity, resulting in a large number of people with huge numbers of victims. The damage, the loss of property or the damage to the person and property at the same time, and the civil wrongful act of giving special relief. According to the definition of this connotation, the characteristics of the large-scale tort are clarified, and according to these characteristics, it will occur frequently in the field of food and drug responsibility in recent years, in the field of large-scale environmental pollution and high risk. In the field of dangerous work and the types of damage accidents in the field of securities fraud, and taking the risk management of large-scale tort liability as the perspective, the large-scale tort liability insurance is identified. It is pointed out that the large-scale tort liability insurance can help to disperse the liability risk caused by large-scale tort, protect the legal rights and interests of the victims, reduce the social cost and share it. The government's responsibility, the realization of the security of law, the value of the value of efficiency, and so on. As far as the realistic foundation of the construction of mass tort liability insurance is concerned, the mass tort is different from the special nature of the general tort, which makes the traditional civil liability cannot satisfy the victims' damage relief, and should only rely on the civil procedure to deal with the current The large-scale tort disputes, under the current legal system framework of our country, take a single subject and a single case, which will cause the waste of judicial resources, and it is difficult to achieve the purpose of relief victims; and the administrative relief is often carried out by the government finance to bear the main compensation liability, which may cause the public dissatisfaction and lead to the dissatisfaction New social problems have been questioned, and the fund compensation model, which has played an active role in foreign countries, has also been initiated by the fund, and the existence of the source and management of the fund property also affects the application of the damage compensation fund. The defects in the corresponding relief measures are applied to the large scale of the social compensation means of liability insurance. The infringement provides the requirement of possibility and necessity. The necessity is mainly reflected in the demand for large-scale tort relief, the compensation of huge damage, the need for the realization of the justice of distribution, the protection of the rights and interests of the victims, the safety of the law, the value of efficiency, the promotion of the economic development and the stability of the society. But the necessity of development is not necessary. According to the analysis of the insurable nature of traditional insurance, it is pointed out that the insurance of large-scale tort liability insurance is in the direction of the development of China's insurance industry through the expansion of insurable nature, the basic legal environment has already formed a preliminary scale, the government is actively guiding the policy, and the construction of the system of large-scale tort liability insurance is absolutely necessary. In terms of the extraterritorial investigation of the large-scale tort liability insurance system, the history of the insurance industry in the major western developed countries has a long history, and has accumulated rich theoretical and practical experience in the field of liability insurance. This article is based on the applicable legal norms and phases of the different fields of large-scale tort in western countries. The present situation of the system design should be used to learn from the experience of the legal environment of the development of large-scale tort liability insurance, the establishment of no fault liability and the increase of the risk of the potential tortfeasor. The increase of the risk will inevitably expand the demand for the insurance, thus making the development of the liability insurance inevitable and positive. The policy guidance also escorts the development of the liability insurance. In terms of the construction of the large-scale tort liability insurance system in China. This article is mainly based on the overall framework of the external environment and the design of the specific rules for the construction of the large-scale tort liability insurance. It includes four aspects: the legal system, the policy guarantee system, the technical support system and the capacity building platform, and set up and perfect the corresponding system construction under the overall framework to create a good external environment for the development of the large-scale tort liability insurance. In order to make rational use of the existing resources, this article advocates that the Business insurance company under the guidance of the government should be the main business subject, and jointly guarantee the joint venture, and undertakes to undercover the infringement of the gross negligence without negligence and even certain conditions, and the injury, loss of property and mental damage are listed as the scope of insurance compensation. The exclusions are listed to reduce the risk of the insurance company's operation; at the same time, the rules of the limit compensation and the exemption, the rate of insurance, the insurance mode of the claim, the risk of the reinsurance, and so on are designed.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D922.284;D923

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