發(fā)布時間：2018-06-11 23:53

  本文選題：自殺條款 + 免責(zé)期間　； 參考：《哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：在《保險法》(2002年)的基礎(chǔ)上,《保險法》第四十四條之規(guī)定由"保險人定奪權(quán)"立法例向"設(shè)定時間限制"立法例轉(zhuǎn)變,實現(xiàn)了重大突破,但仍有改進的空間。當(dāng)前世界各國立法中的規(guī)定有"自殺"和"故意自殺"兩種,但我國在立法中未對"自殺"以明確定義。我國《保險法》第四十四條規(guī)定的"被保險人自殺",采用的是自殺模式,應(yīng)當(dāng)在法律或相關(guān)的司法解釋中明確,"自殺是被保險人為追求自己的死亡結(jié)果而故意實施的積極或消極的行為,且被保險人對該行為、結(jié)果具有認識和控制能力。"未規(guī)定保險人是否應(yīng)當(dāng)對免責(zé)期滿后被保險人的自殺承擔(dān)責(zé)任,實務(wù)中,若保險人在其提供的格式條款中規(guī)定保險人對免責(zé)期滿后被保險人的自殺免責(zé),并不違反法律的強制性規(guī)定,但損害了受益人的利益,若保險合同中并未涉及該項內(nèi)容,則易引起糾紛,應(yīng)該從保護被保險人家屬或受益人的角度,明確規(guī)定保險人應(yīng)當(dāng)對免責(zé)期滿后被保險人的自殺承擔(dān)責(zé)任。未對兩年免責(zé)期間的設(shè)置提供理論依據(jù),并無任何研究表明,被保險人在保險合同生效后兩年內(nèi)自殺騙保的可能性高于兩年后,應(yīng)該從心理學(xué)的角度,分析自殺意念自產(chǎn)生至消退的期間,為兩年期間的設(shè)置提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。自殺條款設(shè)置的目的是防范道德危險,但兩年期間的設(shè)置僅是推斷被保險人在合同生效兩年內(nèi)自殺的目的是騙保,是對防范道德風(fēng)險與保障受益人利益的一種妥協(xié),應(yīng)當(dāng)在四十四條中增加"有證據(jù)證明被保險人在免責(zé)期內(nèi)并非為了騙保而自殺的,保險人應(yīng)當(dāng)給付保險金"以及"有證據(jù)證明被保險人是為了騙保而自殺的,保險人免除賠償責(zé)任"的條款。在特殊人群的除外適用上,將民事行為能力簡單地套用在自殺條款除外適用對象范疇上,應(yīng)該追溯法條之本意,真正把握"自殺"涵義的四要件,著重考察被保險人自殺時是否具有完全的意思能力,以被保險人對自殺行為的認識和控制能力為標準,在《保險法》第四十四條中規(guī)定"被保險人自殺時為十四周歲以下的未成年人以及不能自由決定其意志的人除外。"增加了保險合同復(fù)效的規(guī)定,但對復(fù)效后的免責(zé)期間一律重新計算,應(yīng)就復(fù)效后保險合同的性質(zhì)在理論上與立法上統(tǒng)一,基于公平原則,根據(jù)保險合同中止前保險合同成立的時間予以區(qū)別對待,若保險合同成立時間超過兩年,可將復(fù)效后的免責(zé)期設(shè)置為一年;若保險合同成立的時間未超過兩年,則可將復(fù)效后的免責(zé)期設(shè)置為兩年�！睹穹ǹ倓t》中確認了對無民事行為能力人和限制民事行為能力人監(jiān)護人的監(jiān)督制度,減少了監(jiān)護人通過教唆未成年人自殺獲取保險金的可能性,更利于保護無民事行為能力人和限制民事行為能力人的權(quán)益。但自殺條款在適用上存在問題不僅和其制度本身有關(guān),還因無完整的死因確認程序以及無民事行為能力人的登記制度以配合。應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮設(shè)立死因裁判庭,對死因存在爭議的公民死亡案件,由專門的法官根據(jù)事實和證據(jù)作出認定。對無民事行為能力人和限制行為能力人,除由法院進行宣告外,應(yīng)當(dāng)由民政部門或公安機關(guān)進行登記備案,作為保險合同糾紛中法官認定被保險人自殺時是否為無民事行為能力人的依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:On the basis of the insurance law (2002), the forty-fourth article of the insurance law has changed from "the insurer to the right to seize power" to the "set time limit" legislation. It has achieved a major breakthrough, but there is still room for improvement. In the current legislation of the world, there are two kinds of "suicide" and "suicidal suicide" in the legislation of the world, but our country does not take "suicide" in legislation. Clearly defined. The "insured person suicide" in the forty-fourth article of China's Insurance Law adopts the mode of suicide, which should be clearly defined in the law or in the relevant judicial interpretation. "Suicide is an active or negative act committed by the insured to pursue the result of his own death, and the insured's understanding and control of the act." "Ability." does not specify whether the insurer should be responsible for the suicide of the insured after the expiry of the disclaimer. In practice, if the insurer stipulates in the form clause provided by the insurer that the insurer is exempt from the liability of the insured after the expiry of the disclaimer, it does not violate the mandatory provisions of the law, but damages the benefit of the beneficiary, if the insurance contract does not involve it. It is easy to cause disputes. From the angle of protecting the dependents or beneficiaries of the insured, it is clear that the insurer should be responsible for the suicide of the insured after the expiry of the disclaimer. No theoretical basis is provided for the setting of the disclaimer for two years, and no research shows that the insured committed suicide within two years after the insurance contract came into force. The possibility of fraud should be more than two years later. It should be analyzed from the psychological point of view to provide a scientific basis for the period of two years. The purpose of the suicide clause is to prevent moral hazard, but the setting of the two years is only to deduce that the purpose of the insurant to commit suicide within two years of the contract is a fraud. It is a compromise to prevent moral hazard and protect the benefit of beneficiaries. It should be added to the forty-four article that "evidence proves that the insured is not committed to suicidal in the period of disclaimer, the insurer should pay the insurance" and the clause "the insurer is exempt from the liability for the sake of the insured." On the exception of the special crowd, it is necessary to simply apply the capacity of civil behavior to the object category except the suicidal clause. It should be traced back to the original meaning of the law and truly grasp the four elements of the meaning of "suicide". As a standard, the forty-fourth article of the insurance law stipulates that "the minors under fourteen years of age when the insured is committed suicide and those who are not free to decide their will." the provisions of the insurance contract are increased, but the period of disclaimer after the complex effect is recalculated. The nature of the insurance contract should be theoretically and legislated on the nature of the insurance contract after the complex effect. On the basis of the principle of equality, based on the principle of fairness, the time of the insurance contract before the insurance contract is suspended is treated differently. If the insurance contract is established for more than two years, the period of disclaimer after the recovery can be set to one year. If the time of establishment of the insurance contract is not more than two years, the period of disclaimer after the resumption of the insurance contract will be set to two years. The supervision system of the person who has no capacity for civil conduct and the guardian of the person with limited capacity for civil conduct has been recognized, which reduces the possibility that the guardians get the insurance money by instigating suicide by instigating minors, and is more conducive to the protection of the rights and interests of those who have no capacity for civil conduct and those who restrict the capacity of civil conduct. The degree itself is related to the absence of a complete cause of death confirmation procedure and the registration system for persons with no capacity for civil conduct. It should be considered to consider the establishment of a judicial tribunal for the cause of death, to identify cases of civil death in dispute over the cause of death, by the special judges in accordance with the facts and evidence. In addition, the civil affairs department or public security organ shall register and record the court as a basis for the judge to determine whether the insured is not a person of civil conduct when the judge finds the insured to commit suicide.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D922.284

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