本文選題：海難救助 + 環(huán)境救助�。� 參考：《海南大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著社會進步、科技發(fā)展,當(dāng)代船舶的運載能力越來越強,其運載物也更加繁多復(fù)雜,其中不乏強污染物質(zhì),一旦發(fā)生意外就會對海洋環(huán)境造成嚴(yán)重破壞。及時、高效的海難救助能夠?qū)⒋笆聨淼沫h(huán)境破壞降到最低。海運是我國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的必經(jīng)之路,但是,一次次的海難事故造成了海洋的嚴(yán)重污染,使我國的海洋環(huán)境面臨重大威脅。變革古老的海難救助法,通過構(gòu)建環(huán)境救助法律制度激勵環(huán)境保護行為,是應(yīng)對此窘境的合理法律手段。因此,本課題對促進國民經(jīng)濟又好又快發(fā)展,有效保護海洋環(huán)境具有很大的意義。 分析實際救援案例我們就能發(fā)現(xiàn),救助者提供的救助服務(wù)主要是針對于失事人員、財物以及船舶,對于環(huán)境的救助工作一般被忽略,因此,船舶失事后泄漏的燃油以及污染性貨物對海洋環(huán)境造成的破壞仍是海難救助工作中需要完善的方面。雖然說,海洋環(huán)境并不能直接劃分到“遇險財產(chǎn)”一項,海難救助法中的救助客體并不包括海洋環(huán)境,但是,從另一方面來看,如果環(huán)境救助想成為真正的救助客體,就要和救助報酬以及特別補償有聯(lián)系。此外還存在一種觀點,當(dāng)海難救助成功也就是救助人若能防止或減輕環(huán)境損害,海難救助人也可以享有救助報酬。以上的觀點都顯示了海難救助中的環(huán)境救助報酬呈現(xiàn)獨立化的傾向。在海難救助發(fā)生時,如果海上遇險財產(chǎn)有可能損害到海洋環(huán)境,之后得到了救助,這表明海洋環(huán)境得到了非直接的救助,由此看來,其被稱為環(huán)境救助使符合環(huán)保視角的。特別補償制度由此應(yīng)運而生,但是通過實踐,該制度不能有效激勵海難救助中的環(huán)境救助,從而有效的保護海洋環(huán)境。本篇文章的主要目的就是在現(xiàn)行的海難救助法的基礎(chǔ)上,進行改進與升級以形成一種更為先進完善的環(huán)境救助制度。 作者經(jīng)過大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn),現(xiàn)行的環(huán)境報酬制度還有許多亟待改進之處,例如保障環(huán)境救助報酬的申請與確權(quán)制度、污染物的界定以及對海洋環(huán)境造成的威脅或者破壞的評判制度,本文則通過研究現(xiàn)行法律規(guī)定的環(huán)境報酬制度的不足之處,借鑒國外相關(guān)立法與實踐的經(jīng)驗,提出建立和完善符合中國實際的海難救助中環(huán)境報酬制度的新構(gòu)想。
[Abstract]:With the progress of society and the development of science and technology, the carrying capacity of modern ships is more and more powerful, and their carriers are more and more complex, among which there are some strong pollutants. Once accidents occur, they will cause serious damage to the marine environment. Timely and efficient salvage can minimize the environmental damage caused by shipwreck. Maritime transportation is the only way for China's economic development. However, maritime accidents have caused serious pollution of the sea and made the marine environment of our country face a serious threat. It is a reasonable legal means to reform the ancient maritime salvage law and to encourage the environmental protection behavior through the construction of the legal system of environmental rescue. Therefore, this topic is of great significance to promote the sound and rapid development of the national economy and effectively protect the marine environment. By analyzing the actual rescue cases, we can find that the rescue services provided by the rescuers are mainly aimed at shipwrecks, property and ships, and the rescue work for the environment is generally neglected. The damage to marine environment caused by leaking oil and polluting cargo after shipwreck is still in need of perfection in salvage work. Although the marine environment can not be divided directly into "distress property", the salvage object in the salvage law does not include the marine environment, but, on the other hand, if the environmental rescue wants to be the real salvage object, There is a link to compensation and special compensation. There is also a view that if the salvage is successful, that is, if the salvor can prevent or mitigate the environmental damage, the salvage person can also enjoy the reward of salvage. The above views all show the tendency of independent compensation for environmental rescue in salvage at sea. At the time of salvage at sea, if the property in distress at sea is likely to damage the marine environment and then be rescued, this indicates that the marine environment has been rescued indirectly, so it is called "environmental rescue" to make it accord with the environmental protection perspective. The special compensation system emerges as the times require, but through the practice, this system can not effectively encourage the environmental rescue in maritime distress rescue, thus effectively protect the marine environment. The main purpose of this paper is to improve and upgrade the existing maritime salvage law to form a more advanced and perfect environmental rescue system. After a lot of research, the author finds that the current environmental compensation system still needs to be improved, such as the system of applying for and confirming the right to pay for environmental assistance. The definition of pollutants and the evaluation system of the threat or damage to the marine environment. This paper, by studying the deficiencies of the environmental reward system stipulated by the current law, draws on the experience of relevant legislation and practice of foreign countries. This paper puts forward a new idea of establishing and perfecting the environmental reward system in line with the actual situation in China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：海南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D922.294;D996.19

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本文編號：1851921