本文關(guān)鍵詞： 失獨老人 失能 國家監(jiān)護　出處：《西南大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：隨著老齡化、少子化時代的到來,老年人的監(jiān)護問題越來越突出,由于我國長期實行計劃生育政策,老年人中的特殊群體即失獨老人逐漸成為關(guān)注的重點�！笆И毨先恕敝簧粋�子女,步入中老年后,唯一的子女遭遇意外事故死亡,而此時他們當中大多數(shù)人已經(jīng)無法再生育。隨著年齡增大,生理功能衰退,判斷能力和行為能力逐年下降,特別是處于失能狀態(tài)后,他們由誰監(jiān)護就成為一個難題。我國目前的監(jiān)護制度實質(zhì)上是將對老年人的照管義務(wù)完全交給了家庭,但是,失獨老人的產(chǎn)生是履行國家政策所致,他們的情形不同于一般有子女的老年人。而且隨著國家二胎政策的出臺,失獨老人會越發(fā)覺得不公平。所以,他們在失能后的人身照顧和財產(chǎn)管理等監(jiān)護問題需要政府的介入,由政府來保障他們的合法權(quán)益。目前法學(xué)界對失獨老人的研究主要從養(yǎng)老保障、社會救助和社會補償?shù)慕嵌热胧?監(jiān)護方面還處于空白。當前雖有關(guān)于老年監(jiān)護制度的研究,但主要集中在法定監(jiān)護和意定監(jiān)護方面,缺乏國家監(jiān)護的研究。因此,構(gòu)建并完善我國的失獨失能老人國家監(jiān)護制度具有非常重要的意義。與老年人監(jiān)護有關(guān)的內(nèi)容主要規(guī)定在《民法通則》和剛剛通過的《民法總則》中,另外在《婚姻法》和《老年人權(quán)益保障法》中也涉及到了關(guān)于老年人養(yǎng)老的有關(guān)內(nèi)容。在《民法總則》出臺以前,我國的立法只將老年精神病人和老年癡呆病人納入監(jiān)護的保護體系中,普通老年人的監(jiān)護利益得不到充分有效保障,更別提失獨失能老人了。當時的立法主要存在四個問題:失獨失能老人未納入監(jiān)護體系的保護范圍中、未考慮到這個群體監(jiān)護主體缺失的特殊情形、忽略人身監(jiān)護與生存性照料和國家責任缺失。新法的頒布使得老年監(jiān)護制度得以確立,特別是初步涉及到了老年國家監(jiān)護的內(nèi)容,為構(gòu)建并完善失獨失能老人的國家監(jiān)護制度提供了法律上的支撐。國外在政府承擔無行為能力或限制行為能力成年人監(jiān)護責任方面已經(jīng)有了比較成熟的經(jīng)驗,通過研究德國、美國和加拿大的相關(guān)制度,可以得到很多的啟示。構(gòu)建并完善我國失獨失能老人國家監(jiān)護制度需要從監(jiān)護原則、監(jiān)護人、監(jiān)護對象、監(jiān)護職責和方法、資金保障及監(jiān)護監(jiān)督機制這六個方面來進行。監(jiān)護原則包括優(yōu)先性原則、尊重自我決定原則和最大利益原則。監(jiān)護人應(yīng)當由民政部門充當,居民委員會、村民委員會不屬于政府機構(gòu),不應(yīng)當確立為監(jiān)護人,只能發(fā)揮協(xié)助的作用。用盡所有辦法還是沒有具有監(jiān)護資格的人的失獨失能老人才能納入國家監(jiān)護的范圍。監(jiān)護人的職責包括人身和財產(chǎn)方面,但重點是人身方面的監(jiān)護。監(jiān)護的資金來源以政府財政為主,但也要注重社會資金的籌集。監(jiān)護的監(jiān)督人可以是民政部門內(nèi)部的監(jiān)察部門、上級主管部門,也可以是居民委員會、村民委員會,還可以是人民法院。
[Abstract]:With the coming of the aging and minority age, the problem of guardianship of the elderly is becoming more and more prominent. Due to the implementation of the family planning policy in China for a long time, The special group of the elderly, that is, the elderly without independence, has gradually become the focus of attention. The "destitute elderly" has only one child, and after entering the middle and old age, the only child dies in an accident. At this point, most of them are no longer fertile. As they get older, their physiological functions decline, and their ability to judge and act declines year by year, especially after they are disabled. The present guardianship system in our country essentially places the care duty on the elderly in the hands of the family, but the generation of the elderly who have lost their independence is the result of the implementation of national policies. Their situation is different from that of ordinary elderly people with children. Moreover, with the introduction of the national policy on second child, the elderly who have lost independence will feel more and more unfair. Therefore, their personal care and property management after disability need the intervention of the government. The government will protect their legitimate rights and interests. At present, the study of the elderly who have lost their independence in the legal circles mainly starts from the perspectives of old-age security, social assistance and social compensation. Guardianship is still blank. Although there is currently research on the system of guardianship for the elderly, However, the main focus is on statutory guardianship and consensual guardianship, and lack of research on state guardianship. It is of great significance to construct and perfect the national guardianship system for the disabled and disabled in our country. The contents related to the guardianship of the elderly are mainly stipulated in the General principles of Civil Law and the General principles of Civil Law that have just been adopted. In addition, in the Marriage Law and the Law on the Protection of the Rights and interests of the elderly, there are also related contents concerning the elderly's old-age care. Before the introduction of the General principles of the Civil Law, The legislation of our country only brings the elderly mental patients and the senile dementia patients into the protective system of guardianship, and the interests of the ordinary elderly people are not fully and effectively protected. Not to mention the disabled and disabled elderly. There were four main problems in the legislation at that time: the disabled and disabled people were not included in the scope of protection of the guardianship system, and the special situation of the absence of the subject of this group of guardianship was not taken into account. The enactment of the new law makes the establishment of the guardianship system for the elderly, especially the preliminary content of the state guardianship of the elderly. It provides legal support for the establishment and improvement of the national guardianship system for the disabled and disabled elderly. Foreign countries have already had more mature experience in the government undertaking the responsibility of adult guardianship with incapacity or limited capacity. The relevant systems of the United States and Canada can get a lot of enlightenment. To construct and perfect the national guardianship system for disabled and disabled elderly people in our country needs to be based on the principles of guardianship, guardians, objects of guardianship, duties and methods of guardianship. The principle of guardianship includes the principle of priority, respect for the principle of self-determination and the principle of best interests. The guardian should be acted by the civil affairs department, and the residents' committee, The villagers' committee is not a government organization and should not be established as a guardian, Can only play a role of assistance. Exhaustion of all means or lack of guardianship of persons with disabilities and elderly persons can be included in the custody of the State. The duties of the guardian include personal and property aspects, But the focus is on personal guardianship. The funds for guardianship come mainly from government finance, but we should also pay attention to the raising of social funds. The supervisor of guardianship may be the supervisory department within the civil affairs department, and the superior department in charge. It can also be a residents' committee, a villagers' committee, or a people's court.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D923;D923.8

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