【摘要】： 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和人口的增長,水資源問題越來越成為影響社會(huì)前進(jìn)和發(fā)展的重要問題,然而,如果對(duì)水源地沒有足夠的利益補(bǔ)償,既有違于社會(huì)公平原則,也不利于水源地保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境的積極性。因此必須抓緊建立合理、完善的水源地利益補(bǔ)償制度,促進(jìn)我國水資源的生態(tài)保護(hù)和循環(huán)利用。筆者通過對(duì)前人研究成果的借鑒和我國現(xiàn)有法律制度的探析,從我國水資源的具體生態(tài)狀況和社會(huì)發(fā)展水平與社會(huì)發(fā)展需要出發(fā),對(duì)構(gòu)建我國的水源地利益補(bǔ)償法律制度提出了一點(diǎn)粗淺的建議,以期為我國的水資源保護(hù)建設(shè)貢獻(xiàn)綿薄之力。 文章主要分四部分,第一部分主要論述了構(gòu)建水源地利益補(bǔ)償法律制度的必要性和理論基礎(chǔ)。水源地利益補(bǔ)償既是市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的要求,也是保障水資源永續(xù)利用的必然選擇。同時(shí),建立水源地的利益補(bǔ)償制度既有經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)上的理論依據(jù),也符合法律的基本精神�？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展是我們建立與完善水源地的利益補(bǔ)償制度的目標(biāo),公共資源的“公地悲劇”、資源的稀缺性理論是水源地利益補(bǔ)償制度的現(xiàn)實(shí)依據(jù),而公平公正原則是國家運(yùn)用法律手段對(duì)保護(hù)水資源的法理基礎(chǔ)。 第二部分主要是對(duì)我國水源地利益補(bǔ)償法律制度的現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行分析。目前我國還沒有建立系統(tǒng)的水源地利益補(bǔ)償制度,只有一些相關(guān)規(guī)定,分散于憲法和相關(guān)法律法規(guī)中。進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)以來,很多地方都進(jìn)行了積極探索,一些地方還出臺(tái)了地方性法規(guī),綜觀整個(gè)立法體系,存在以下不足:一是缺乏系統(tǒng)性和規(guī)范性,二是法律法規(guī)過于原則,缺乏可操作性,三是,對(duì)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償認(rèn)識(shí)仍存在缺陷。 第三部分對(duì)國外水源地利益補(bǔ)償法律制度進(jìn)行了考察。文章首先選取日本的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn),因?yàn)橐蚱滟Y源的有限性決定對(duì)水資源的保護(hù)和循環(huán)利用非常重視,其具體做法當(dāng)然更值得我們借鑒;其次選取了美國的實(shí)例,因?yàn)榘l(fā)達(dá)資本主義國家在發(fā)展的過程中走過的“先污染后治理”的彎路對(duì)現(xiàn)今的中國極具反面的啟示意義;最后介紹南非、以色列等,選擇它們是因其農(nóng)業(yè)主導(dǎo)地位決定其對(duì)水的依賴和對(duì)水資源的保護(hù)力度都很大,對(duì)我們這個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)大國很有借鑒意義。 第四部分是筆者對(duì)構(gòu)建我國水源地利益補(bǔ)償法律制度的思考。針對(duì)我國具體國情及研究現(xiàn)狀,在立法模式的選擇上,筆者建議既要充分發(fā)揮地方立法的自主性,也要利用政策的靈活性彌補(bǔ)法律的剛性與不足。在具體的制度設(shè)計(jì)中,首先是確定水源地生態(tài)補(bǔ)償制度的原則、主體、對(duì)象、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和方式。其次是,建立有效的水源地利益補(bǔ)償資金籌措機(jī)制,具體可以考慮這樣幾種方式,一是征收水資源補(bǔ)償稅,二是完善水資源使用費(fèi),三是建立科學(xué)合理的財(cái)政轉(zhuǎn)移支付制度,四是建立水源地利益補(bǔ)償基金,五是發(fā)行國債。 我國的水源地利益補(bǔ)償研究和實(shí)踐尚處于起步階段,我們的研究也面臨著諸多問題和困難,但這并不能阻礙我們?cè)趯?shí)現(xiàn)人類社會(huì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展過程中的探索和努力,因?yàn)槲覀儾幌Ｍ叭祟惪吹降淖詈笠坏嗡畬⑹亲约旱难蹨I”。
[Abstract]:With the development of the economy and the growth of the population, the problem of water resources has become an important problem that affects the progress and development of the society. However, if there is not enough benefit compensation to the water source, it is not only in the principle of social equity but also the enthusiasm of the water source to protect the ecological environment. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the reasonable and perfect water source benefit compensation system and promote the ecological protection and recycling of water resources in our country. Through the reference of the previous research results and the analysis of the existing legal system in our country, the author puts forward some rough suggestions on the construction of the legal system of the interest compensation of the water source in our country from the specific ecological situation and the social development level and the social development need of our country's water resources. In order to make a contribution to the construction of water resources protection in our country. The article is divided into four parts, and the first part mainly discusses the necessity of constructing the legal system of the interest compensation of the water source area. The interest compensation of the water source is not only the demand of the market economy, but also the sustainable utilization of the water resources. At the same time, the interest compensation system of the water source is established, which is both theoretical and legal. The sustainable development is the goal of establishing and perfecting the interest compensation system of the water source, the 鈥渢ragedy of public land鈥，

本文編號(hào)：2319682