本文選題：水資源 + 跨流域調(diào)水��； 參考：《中國政法大學》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 為解決我國水資源地區(qū)分布不均的現(xiàn)狀,我國政府建造了大量跨流域調(diào)水工程,典型的如南水北調(diào)工程�？缌饔蛘{(diào)水是國家在全國范圍內(nèi)對水資源進行的合理配置,屬于國家宏觀調(diào)控行為�？缌饔蛘{(diào)水在一定程度上緩解了缺水地區(qū)的水資源緊缺狀況,為受水區(qū)的生活和生產(chǎn)用水提供了保障,保證了受水區(qū)經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展。但由于水資源調(diào)出區(qū)的水污染防治和生態(tài)保護需要投入大量的成本,而且為了保護水源地的生態(tài)環(huán)境,跨流域調(diào)水調(diào)出區(qū)往往對工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展進行限制甚至一定程度的禁止,導致了當?shù)亟?jīng)濟發(fā)展受到很大的制約�？缌饔蛘{(diào)水的調(diào)入?yún)^(qū)在享用高質量水資源的時候,如果沒有為此付出應有的經(jīng)濟和生態(tài)投入,也未給調(diào)出區(qū)應有的經(jīng)濟補償,長此以往就會導致跨流域調(diào)水的調(diào)水區(qū)和受水區(qū)之間的不平衡,不利于有效實現(xiàn)調(diào)水工程預期的目標,更不利于不同區(qū)域間的共同富裕、和諧發(fā)展。 對上述生態(tài)利益分配問題,國內(nèi)外學者已經(jīng)進行了多方面的研究,并就如何實現(xiàn)流域間的利益平衡達成了初步認識,即認為生態(tài)補償是一種比較合適的解決方式,因為產(chǎn)生生態(tài)利益分配不公的根源即經(jīng)濟外部性原理和水資源的公共物品屬性。理論上解決此問題的途徑主要有市場和政府兩種,而生態(tài)補償就是融合了市場的交易手段和政府的宏觀調(diào)控等手段的綜合的利益協(xié)調(diào)機制。目前我國學者對同一流域內(nèi)上下游之間的生態(tài)補償問題,已經(jīng)有了相對完善的理論研究,個別地方也已經(jīng)進行了生態(tài)補償?shù)膶嵺`。但對于各大流域之間的調(diào)水行為,學術界則關注不夠�？缌饔蛘{(diào)水是國家的宏觀調(diào)控行為,政府在調(diào)水中有著主導地位,所以其生態(tài)補償也需要政府的主導作用；而跨流域調(diào)水關系幾大流域,通常對整個流域都有重大影響,所以與同流域生態(tài)補償相比較,其生態(tài)補償?shù)难a償和受償主體也有特殊性,必要時要將流域管理機構也列入受償主體；同時,由于跨流域調(diào)水通常都有調(diào)水工程相佐,所以為水量的控制和計算提供了技術條件,因此其生態(tài)補償中的補償標準也應該更加科學合理。鑒于這些特殊性,本人認為很有必要將跨流域調(diào)水生態(tài)補償進行專門分析和系統(tǒng)研究。 目前我國對于水資源開發(fā)利用相關的生態(tài)補償立法,還很不完善,鑒于現(xiàn)實的需求和完善我國法律制度的必要,制定和完善我國的流域生態(tài)補償法律制度已成大勢所趨。而針對跨流域調(diào)水生態(tài)補償?shù)牧⒎?應作為流域生態(tài)補償?shù)囊粋�重要部分,加以單獨規(guī)定。針對跨流域調(diào)水的特點,其生態(tài)補償立法要特別堅持政府主導、科學合理和公眾參與原則,綜合運用水權交易等市場手段和財政轉移支付、生態(tài)補償基金、稅費等國家手段,對跨流域調(diào)水的生態(tài)利益受損區(qū)進行科學合理的補償。與流域生態(tài)補償相較,跨流域調(diào)水生態(tài)補償還要進行一些特殊的制度安排,尤其是要明確跨流域調(diào)水生態(tài)補償?shù)谋O(jiān)管主體、確定國家在跨流域調(diào)水生態(tài)補償中作為補償主體的地位和責任、安排流域管理單位獲得適當?shù)难a償資金等。應當通過對跨流域調(diào)水生態(tài)補償?shù)奶貏e規(guī)定,幫助我國制定完善的流域生態(tài)補償法律制度,并為我國跨流域調(diào)水的順利進行和水資源的可持續(xù)利用提供必要的保障。
[Abstract]:In order to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in China, our government has built a large number of cross basin water diversion projects, such as the south to North Water Diversion Project. The cross basin water diversion is the state's rational allocation of water resources in the country, and it belongs to the state macro regulation and control behavior. The shortage of resources provides a guarantee for the living and production water in the water area and ensures the economic and social development of the water area. However, because of the water pollution prevention and ecological protection in the water resource allocation area, a large amount of cost is needed, and in order to protect the ecological environment of the water source area, the trans current water transfer area is often carried out for the industrial and agricultural development. Restrictions or even a certain degree of prohibition have led to a large restriction on the development of the local economy. When high quality water resources are enjoyed in the trans basin diversion area, if the economic and ecological input is not paid for it, the economic compensation should not be given to the adjustment area. The imbalance between water areas is not conducive to the effective realization of the expected goals of water diversion projects, but also to the common prosperity and harmonious development among different regions.
At home and abroad, scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of research on the problem of ecological benefits allocation, and have reached a preliminary understanding of how to realize the balance of interests between the basins. That is, ecological compensation is a suitable solution, because the root source of the unfair distribution of ecological interests is the principle of economic externality and the public objects of water resources. In theory, there are two main ways to solve this problem, including the market and the government, and the ecological compensation is a comprehensive benefit coordination mechanism which combines the means of market trading and the macro-control of the government. At present, the scholars in China have a relatively perfect theoretical research on the problem of ecological compensation between the upper and lower reaches of the same basin. The practice of ecological compensation has been carried out in some places. However, the academic circle has not paid enough attention to the water diversion behavior between the large basins. The cross basin water diversion is the macro regulation and control behavior of the state, the government has a dominant position in the water diversion, so its ecological compensation needs the leading role of the government. Compared with the ecological compensation of the same basin, the compensation and the compensable subject of the ecological compensation are also special. When necessary, the basin management organization should be included as the subject of compensation. At the same time, the water diversion project is usually used in the cross basin water diversion, so it provides the technology for the control and calculation of the water quantity. As a result, the compensation standard in the ecological compensation should be more scientific and reasonable. In view of these particularity, I think it is necessary to make a special analysis and systematic study on the ecological compensation for water transfer in the river basin.
At present, the legislation of ecological compensation related to water resources development and utilization in our country is not perfect. In view of the need of reality and the necessity of perfecting our country's legal system, it has become a general trend to formulate and perfect the legal system of ecological compensation for the river basin in our country. According to the characteristics of the trans basin water diversion, the legislation of ecological compensation should be particularly adhered to the government leading, scientific and rational and public participation principles, the comprehensive use of market means such as water rights trading, financial transfer payment, ecological compensation fund, tax and fee and other national hand, to carry out scientific research on the damaged areas of ecological benefits for cross basin water diversion. Reasonable compensation. Compared with ecological compensation in the basin, there should be some special institutional arrangements for trans basin water ecological compensation. In particular, it is necessary to make clear the regulatory body of the ecological compensation for water diversion across the river basin, and determine the status and responsibility of the state as compensation subject in the ecological compensation for cross basin water diversion, and arrange the appropriate compensation for the management units of the river basin. Funds etc. should help our country to formulate a perfect legal system for watershed ecological compensation through special provisions on ecological compensation for cross basin water diversion, and provide the necessary guarantee for the smooth progress of the cross basin water diversion and the sustainable utilization of water resources in China.
【學位授予單位】：中國政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D922.6

【引證文獻】

相關博士學位論文 前1條

1 劉國強;長距離輸水渠系冬季輸水過渡過程及控制研究[D];武漢大學;2013年

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本文編號：1947309