本文選題：突發(fā)環(huán)境事件　切入點：公民權利保護　出處：《中南林業(yè)科技大學》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：在全球經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展的同時,環(huán)境不斷惡化,現(xiàn)已經(jīng)進入突發(fā)環(huán)境事件頻發(fā)階段,因此各國政府加強突發(fā)環(huán)境事件的治理。由于突發(fā)環(huán)境事件的特殊性,政府在應對突發(fā)環(huán)境事件的過程中享有一定的行政應急權,這種權力具有兩面性,一方面能夠及時應對突發(fā)環(huán)境事件,但是另一方面也可能侵犯公民的權利,從而突發(fā)環(huán)境事件中公民權利保護引起各國的關注,我國也不例外。 突發(fā)環(huán)境事件的發(fā)生引發(fā)一種非正常狀態(tài),即行政應急狀態(tài)。在行政應急狀態(tài)下,公民權利的保護涉及到的主要是行政機關在應對突發(fā)環(huán)境事件中對行政應急權的規(guī)范與公民權利保護的問題。一方面,由于行政應急權的集中性、擴張性等自身的特點,再加上突發(fā)環(huán)境事件應對的復雜性與緊迫性,造成了行政應急狀態(tài)中應急權力的模糊性與監(jiān)督機制的不健全,如果不對其進行規(guī)范與限制,就很容易出現(xiàn)行政應急權侵害公民權利的情況。另一方面,突發(fā)環(huán)境事件中,公民權利遭到行政機關的侵害需要對其進行及時的救濟,而行政復議、行政訴訟、行政賠償、行政補償能否在行政應急狀態(tài)下正常運行在理論與實踐中還存有一定的爭議,如果不能通過有效的途徑來維護公民的權利,想最大化地保護公民權利就很難實現(xiàn)。 縱觀國外一些國家,如美國、日本,應急法制起步較早,也更多地體現(xiàn)出了公民權利的保護,其原因就是應急法制、體制、機制相對比較完善,為公民權利的保護提供了保障。而我國的突發(fā)環(huán)境事件中的公民權利保護的立法比較分散,還未形成完善的法律體系,雖然《突發(fā)事件應對法》中更多地體現(xiàn)了公民權利的保護,但還是難以克服在突發(fā)環(huán)境事件中行政應急權的限制與公民救濟制度方面的缺陷。 要想更好地保護突發(fā)環(huán)境事件中的公民權利,在行政應急權的限制方面,就要使行政應急權獲得明確且充分的授權,并確立其底線,再以權力的審查與監(jiān)督機制為保障。在公民權利的保護方面,首先要明確基本的人權原則,其次,要通過行政復議、行政訴訟、行政賠償與行政補償制度的完善來完善公民權利的救濟制度,使其在突發(fā)環(huán)境事件中也能正常運作。而突發(fā)環(huán)境事件中行政應急權的限制與公民權利的保護只有統(tǒng)一于突發(fā)環(huán)境事件應急法制,才能最大限度地保護公民權利,所以,還要通過完善突發(fā)環(huán)境事件的法律體系與應急機制使突發(fā)環(huán)境事件應急法制得以完善,才能最大化地保護公民的權利。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of the global economy, the environment continues to deteriorate, and has now entered the stage of frequent environmental emergencies. Therefore, governments of various countries have strengthened the governance of environmental emergencies. Because of the particularity of environmental emergencies, The government has certain administrative emergency rights in the process of responding to environmental emergencies. This power has two sides. On the one hand, it can deal with environmental emergencies in a timely manner, but on the other hand, it may also violate the rights of citizens. Thus, the protection of civil rights in environmental emergencies has attracted the attention of all countries, China is no exception. The occurrence of unexpected environmental events leads to an abnormal state, that is, the administrative emergency state. In the administrative emergency state, The protection of civil rights is mainly related to the regulation of administrative emergency rights and the protection of civil rights in dealing with environmental emergencies. On the one hand, due to the centrality and expansibility of administrative emergency rights, In addition, the complexity and urgency of dealing with unexpected environmental events have resulted in the fuzziness of emergency power and the unsoundness of supervision mechanism in administrative emergency situations, if they are not regulated and restricted, On the other hand, in a sudden environmental incident, the violation of civil rights by administrative organs requires timely relief, and administrative reconsideration, administrative litigation, administrative compensation, Whether the administrative compensation can run normally in the state of administrative emergency still has some controversy in theory and practice. If we can not protect the rights of citizens through effective ways, it is difficult to maximize the protection of civil rights. Looking back at some foreign countries, such as the United States and Japan, the emergency legal system started earlier, and more reflected the protection of civil rights. The reason is that the emergency legal system, the system, and the mechanism are relatively perfect. It provides a guarantee for the protection of civil rights. However, the legislation on the protection of civil rights in unexpected environmental events in China is relatively scattered and has not yet formed a perfect legal system. Although the Law on Emergency response more embodies the protection of civil rights, it is still difficult to overcome the limitation of administrative emergency right and the defect of citizen relief system in unexpected environmental events. In order to better protect the civil rights in environmental emergencies, it is necessary to make the administrative emergency rights be authorized clearly and fully, and establish its bottom line in the aspect of the restriction of administrative emergency rights. In the protection of civil rights, first of all, it is necessary to clarify the basic human rights principles, and secondly, through administrative review, administrative litigation, The perfection of administrative compensation and administrative compensation system to perfect the relief system of citizens' rights, The restriction of administrative emergency rights and the protection of civil rights in environmental emergencies can only be unified in the emergency legal system of environmental emergencies to maximize the protection of civil rights. Only by perfecting the legal system and the emergency mechanism of environmental emergencies can the legal system of environmental emergencies be perfected in order to maximize the protection of citizens' rights.
【學位授予單位】：中南林業(yè)科技大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D922.68;D922.1

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