本文關(guān)鍵詞： 環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)設(shè)施 協(xié)商治理 信息工具　出處：《重慶大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：隨著認(rèn)知的變遷,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不再完全來自于人類不可操控的力量,相反隨著科技的發(fā)展,抵御人類活動(dòng)引發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的頻度已經(jīng)超越了抵御來自自然的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而恰恰可以通過制度控制的正是這來自人類活動(dòng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),畢竟自然風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的不可知、不可控至今不能被人類所徹底克服。所以,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是現(xiàn)代化改革和進(jìn)步所衍生的必然產(chǎn)物,伴隨生產(chǎn)力的飛躍式提升,社會(huì)內(nèi)各種潛在威脅的爆發(fā)也擴(kuò)大到了一個(gè)前所未有的程度,這深刻的表明風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)已經(jīng)到來。在這種社會(huì)環(huán)境中,無法進(jìn)行分析和預(yù)知的后果從某個(gè)角度來講已變成歷史和社會(huì)的主宰力量�；诖�,本文所討論的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)限縮在是由人類活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)生的,對(duì)自然環(huán)境和人類社會(huì)產(chǎn)生隱匿性威脅,此類威脅具有可能性和非明確性,這種威脅進(jìn)一步發(fā)展產(chǎn)生的后果。長(zhǎng)期的研究得出環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來自于人類活動(dòng),在活動(dòng)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)生之間必然存在著某種連結(jié)渠道,否則人類活動(dòng)并不必然帶來導(dǎo)致環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的產(chǎn)生,而這一渠道便是制度:唯有制度本身不合理或者制度合理但未得到遵循的情形下,人類活動(dòng)與環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)間就出現(xiàn)了可以解釋的邏輯。為此,控制環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的核心不是控制人類活動(dòng),而是控制規(guī)范人類活動(dòng)的制度。對(duì)于環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的制度控制,既包含了環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別制度、環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估制度,也有本文所突出闡述的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通制度。科技與經(jīng)濟(jì)可以恰當(dāng)?shù)谋ＷC風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的識(shí)別與評(píng)估,而制度控制的目的是通過控制人類的活動(dòng)達(dá)到控制風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的結(jié)果,因此,在環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制制度體系中直接關(guān)切人類活動(dòng)的便是由活動(dòng)多方主體共同參與的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通制度。在環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通制度的解釋框架下,首先通過風(fēng)險(xiǎn)詞源及本義的解讀與環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)生邏輯的梳理明確提出環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通的認(rèn)知,并論證其意義。環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通的制度主體既包括了傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境治理參與方的政府、公眾與企業(yè),還包括了作為溝通媒介的媒體、組織與專家。其制度內(nèi)容主要囊括了環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從決策到突發(fā)狀態(tài)與處置后三個(gè)不同階段的制度設(shè)計(jì)。這種制度設(shè)計(jì)既要遵循環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通既有的模型,也要兼顧好環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通需要考慮的諸多因素,更要選擇好溝通所使用的制度工具。作為對(duì)解釋框架的補(bǔ)充,本部分也相應(yīng)從工具角度、主題角度等介紹了域外的制度經(jīng)驗(yàn)與啟示。完成制度內(nèi)容的介紹,隨之便是制度內(nèi)蘊(yùn)理論的求證。以貝克和吉登斯為代表的現(xiàn)代風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)理論證明了環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通制度中“風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”的社會(huì)性與制度需求;以哈貝馬斯為代表的商談理論、奧斯特羅姆為代表的多中心治理理論以及傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境法的環(huán)境民主理論組成的協(xié)商治理理論體系,證明了環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通制度中“溝通”作為環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制制度的核心方法與核心制度的正當(dāng)性;作為傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境法治的基本原則,環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則從法理上論證環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通的制度化的合理性與正當(dāng)性的來源。理論層面的證成更需要實(shí)踐層面的求證。在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通制度的實(shí)踐演進(jìn)過程中,先后經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)向度的轉(zhuǎn)變:主體向度的以科技為中心向以溝通為中心的轉(zhuǎn)變;客體向度的從命令管制工具到市場(chǎng)工具再到信息工具選擇的轉(zhuǎn)變;內(nèi)容向度的從無效溝通到有效溝通的轉(zhuǎn)變。無論是理論還是實(shí)踐都足以印證選擇環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通制度是控制環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的最優(yōu)制度選擇。然而,制度的運(yùn)行就必然面臨的困境——“誰來溝通?溝通什么?如何溝通?”這是完善環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通制度必須要回答的三個(gè)問題。行政部門主導(dǎo)下的溝通困境、企業(yè)消極溝通的制度困境、公眾難以參與溝通的制度困境是當(dāng)前溝通主體面臨的三大問題。而作為制度方法的信息工具也因制度缺陷面臨著環(huán)境信息失靈的困境。具體到如何溝通,應(yīng)有的行政程序缺失;既有的溝通失真;溝通對(duì)象缺少保障,這些都成為具體完善溝通制度的關(guān)鍵問題。對(duì)癥下藥,作為環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通制度的完善路徑,首先,結(jié)合多元共治體系下環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通各主體的行動(dòng)框架,從風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策前、突發(fā)環(huán)境危機(jī)時(shí)、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)處置后三個(gè)階段分別設(shè)置各主體的行動(dòng)框架與制度規(guī)范。其次,通過信息收集工具、信息交流工具的改進(jìn)以及信息識(shí)別工具和補(bǔ)強(qiáng)工具的完善,健全環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)信息工具的法制應(yīng)用機(jī)制。最后,從原則到規(guī)則實(shí)現(xiàn)相關(guān)立法的完善,其中主要包括環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)防原則的確立;環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)制度的建立以及企業(yè)環(huán)境信息披露制度的完善。
[Abstract]:With the development of cognitive changes, risk is no longer entirely from the human can not control the power, in contrast with the development of science and technology, the frequency of human activities lead to the risk of the resist has gone beyond the risks from nature. It can control system is the risk from human activity, after all natural risks are unknown, not controlled by humans has not completely overcome. So, the risk is an inevitable outcome of modernization and the progress of the derivative, with the promotion of leap of productivity, social all kinds of potential threats to the outbreak is also extended to a hitherto unknown degree, which deeply shows that risk society is coming. In such a social environment, can not be analysis and predict the consequences from a perspective of history and society has become the dominant force. Based on this, this paper discussed the environmental risk limit is in by human activities The result of occult threats, natural environment and human society, has the possibility of such threats and non clear, the consequences of the further development of this threat. The long-term results of environmental risk from human activities, produced in the activities and risks there must be some nexus, otherwise does not necessarily bring human activities lead to environmental the risk, and this is the only channel system: the system itself is not reasonable or unreasonable but have not been followed under the situation of human activities and environmental risk appeared can explain the logic. Therefore, environmental risk control is the core of the control of human activities, but the control standard of human activities for system. Environmental risk control system, which includes not only the environmental risk identification system, environmental risk assessment system, also has the outstanding environmental risk communication set System identification and evaluation of technology and economy can ensure appropriate risk control system, and the purpose is to control the activities of human beings to control the risk of the results, therefore, directly concerns the human activities in the environmental risk control system is the environmental risk communication system by the participation of multi subject activities. In the framework of environmental interpretation the risk communication system, first generation logic by interpreting and environmental risk and the original meaning of the etymology combing clearly put forward the environmental risk communication cognition, and to demonstrate the significance of the system. The main environmental risk communication includes not only the traditional environmental governance in the government, public and enterprise, but also as a medium of communication media. The organization and experts. The contents of the system mainly include the environmental risk from the decision-making to the emergency disposal and after three different stages of the system design. This system The design should follow the existing environmental risk communication model, but also take into account many factors to consider environmental risk communication, system tools to choose a good communication use. As a supplement to the explanatory framework, this part from the corresponding tool angle, the view of the subject introduces the experience and Enlightenment of foreign system to complete the system. The content of the introduction, then the system intrinsic theory confirmation. With Beck and Giddens as the representative of the modern risk society theory shows that the environmental risk communication system in the "risk" of social and institutional needs; represented by Habermas's discourse theory, system of deliberative governance theory composed of Ostrom as the representative of the multi center governance theory and the traditional the environmental law theory of democratic environment, proved the environmental risk communication system "communication" as the core method of environmental risk control system and core system The degree of legitimacy; as the basic principle of traditional environmental law, rationality and legitimacy of the system of the source of environmental risk prevention principle demonstration of environmental risk communication. From the legal theory into practice to verify the certificate. In the process of the evolution of practice of risk communication system, has gone through three dimensions subject to change: the degree of technology transformation center to communicate as the center of the object to change; from the command control tool to tool to information tools of choice; from the content to the degree of ineffective communication to communicate effectively change. Both in theory and in practice are sufficient to prove environmental risk communication the system is to choose the optimal control system of environmental risk. However, the operating system must face the dilemma of who to communicate communication? What? How to communicate? "This is the perfect environmental risk communication system Three questions must be answered. The communication difficulties under the domination of the administrative department, system enterprises negative communication, public communication is difficult to participate in predicament three major problems facing the current of the main communication. As a system information tool for system defects facing the environmental information specific to the failure to communicate. Administrative procedures, lack of proper communication; the existing communication object distortion; lack of security, these have become the key problems to improve the specific communication system. As an antidote against the disease, path, improve the environmental risk communication system firstly, combined with the action framework of multi governance environmental risk system communication among the subjects, from the risk decision before the sudden environmental crisis when the framework of action and regulation of risk disposal after the three stages are respectively arranged among the subjects. Secondly, through information collection tools, communication tools and improvement Identification of information tools and reinforcing tool improvement, improve environmental risk information system application tool mechanism. Finally, from the principle to realize the rules of legislation, including the establishment of environmental risk prevention principle; the establishment of environmental risk assessment system and improve corporate environmental information disclosure system.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：D922.68

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