國際貨物買賣合同默示條款研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-06-25 12:23
【摘要】：國際貨物貿(mào)易較為復(fù)雜。單是一份確立買賣關(guān)系的合同就暗藏許多玄機(jī)。簽訂后的合同雖是當(dāng)事人合意的產(chǎn)物,但其中可能存在默示條款,這就需要探究合同文字的內(nèi)涵來推定當(dāng)事人的真實(shí)意圖。在解釋合同時(shí),如何解決默示條款問題一直困擾著法律人。 英美法系的默示條款制度比較務(wù)實(shí),值得借鑒。本文從默示條款理論入手,結(jié)合立法、司法和國際商務(wù)實(shí)踐來分析國際貨物買賣合同默示條款,在此基礎(chǔ)上提出了自己對(duì)解決默示條款問題的構(gòu)想。 本文分為五個(gè)部分,共三萬二千余字。 第一部分“國際貨物買賣合同默示條款的概念及其與合同條款的關(guān)系”。本部分強(qiáng)調(diào)合同中的默示條款是從已成立的合同中推定出來的當(dāng)事人意圖,具有非明示性、非對(duì)稱性、多樣性和國際性,對(duì)國際貨物貿(mào)易有著雙重影響。默示條款是政治、文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)與法律等因素綜合作用的產(chǎn)物。此外,還探討了默示條款與明示條款等其他合同條款的關(guān)系。 第二部分“國際貨物買賣合同默示條款的類型及其構(gòu)成要件”。本部分依據(jù)不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),劃分了國際貨物買賣合同默示條款的類型。最常見的分類是依據(jù)默示條款的來源而將之分為法定默示條款、事實(shí)默示條款和以交易習(xí)慣確立的默示條款,其構(gòu)成要件和認(rèn)定方法有所不同。 第三部分“國際和各國國內(nèi)立法中默認(rèn)規(guī)則的比較分析”。本部分梳理了國際公約、各國立法中的默認(rèn)規(guī)則。筆者列表比較了有關(guān)合同訂立和合同形式、確認(rèn)貨物品質(zhì)和價(jià)格及合同履行三大類默認(rèn)規(guī)則的內(nèi)容,這些規(guī)則能引導(dǎo)當(dāng)事人正確地履行其義務(wù)。在訴訟中,又能引導(dǎo)裁決行為和訴訟行為。當(dāng)事人違反這些默認(rèn)規(guī)則,一般要承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任,國際公約與各國法律對(duì)此規(guī)定有所不同。我國立法中事實(shí)上存在著默認(rèn)規(guī)則,但仍需借鑒英美經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 第四部分“司法實(shí)踐和商務(wù)實(shí)踐中處理默示條款方法的比較分析”,本部分分析了適用默認(rèn)規(guī)則的法理基礎(chǔ)和法律依據(jù),并比較了各國法院適用默認(rèn)規(guī)則認(rèn)定默示條款的模式。相比而言,大陸法系注重理論探討,而英美法系更傾向于分析客觀情況。我國法院適用默認(rèn)規(guī)則的模式類似于法國法院,說理較為簡略。此外,筆者還結(jié)合國際商務(wù)實(shí)踐,討論了我國涉外商務(wù)實(shí)踐中處理默示條款方法的不足。 第五部分“正確對(duì)待和處理默示條款的建議”�；谇懊娴姆治�,要解決默示條款難題,本文認(rèn)為應(yīng)采取如下措施:首先要借鑒英美法的相關(guān)理論,承認(rèn)默示條款的概念并完善其理論。其次要在立法和司法解釋中明確規(guī)定默認(rèn)規(guī)則,使之更加適應(yīng)國際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。最后,貿(mào)易人還要增強(qiáng)國際商務(wù)意識(shí),正確地處理相關(guān)問題,促進(jìn)我國外貿(mào)事業(yè)和涉外法務(wù)事業(yè)的進(jìn)步。
[Abstract]:International trade in goods is more complex. There are many mysteries hidden in a contract that establishes a relationship between sale and purchase. Although the contract after signing is the product of the consent of the parties, there may be implied clauses in it, which requires exploring the connotation of the contract text to infer the true intention of the parties. In the interpretation of the contract, how to solve the problem of implied terms has been perplexing the legal person. The implied clause system of Anglo-American law system is pragmatic and worthy of reference. Based on the theory of implied clause, combined with legislation, judicature and international business practice, this paper analyzes the implied clause of international contract for the sale of goods, and on this basis, puts forward his own idea of solving the problem of implied clause. This paper is divided into five parts, a total of more than 32000 words. The first part is the concept of implied clause in the contract for the sale of international goods and its relationship with the terms of the contract. This part emphasizes that the implied clause in the contract is the intention of the parties deduced from the established contract, which is non-explicit, asymmetrical, diverse and international, and has a dual impact on international trade in goods. Implied clause is the product of the comprehensive action of political, cultural, economic and legal factors. In addition, the relationship between implied terms and other contractual terms, such as express terms, is also discussed. The second part is the types and constituent elements of implied clauses in contracts for the sale of international goods. According to different standards, this part classifies the types of implied terms in the contract for the sale of international goods. The most common classification is that according to the source of implied clause, it is divided into legal implied clause, factual implied clause and implied clause established by trading habit, its constituent elements and identification methods are different. The third part is the comparative analysis of default rules in international and national legislation. This part combs the international conventions, the default rules in the national legislation. The author compares the contract conclusion and the contract form, confirms the quality and price of the goods and the contract performance three kinds of default rules, these rules can guide the parties to perform their obligations correctly. In the litigation, it can also guide the adjudication behavior and the litigation behavior. In violation of these default rules, the parties are generally liable for breach of contract, which is different from that of national laws. In fact, there are default rules in the legislation of our country, but we still need to draw lessons from the experience of Britain and the United States. The fourth part is a comparative analysis of the methods of dealing with implied clauses in judicial practice and commercial practice. This part analyzes the legal basis and legal basis for the application of default rules, and compares the modes in which courts in various countries apply default rules to identify implied clauses. In contrast, the civil law system pays attention to the theoretical discussion, while the common law system tends to analyze the objective situation. The mode of application of default rule in Chinese courts is similar to that of French courts, and the reasoning is relatively brief. In addition, based on the international business practice, the author discusses the shortcomings of dealing with implied clauses in the practice of foreign-related business in China. The fifth part is the suggestion to treat and deal with the implied clause correctly. Based on the previous analysis, in order to solve the problem of implied clause, this paper holds that the following measures should be taken: first of all, we should draw lessons from the relevant theories of Anglo-American law, recognize the concept of implied clause and perfect its theory. Secondly, the default rules should be clearly stipulated in legislative and judicial interpretation to make them more suitable for the development of international trade. Finally, traders should strengthen their awareness of international business, correctly deal with related problems, and promote the progress of China's foreign trade and foreign-related legal affairs.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D996.1;D997.1;D923.6
本文編號(hào)：2505680
[Abstract]:International trade in goods is more complex. There are many mysteries hidden in a contract that establishes a relationship between sale and purchase. Although the contract after signing is the product of the consent of the parties, there may be implied clauses in it, which requires exploring the connotation of the contract text to infer the true intention of the parties. In the interpretation of the contract, how to solve the problem of implied terms has been perplexing the legal person. The implied clause system of Anglo-American law system is pragmatic and worthy of reference. Based on the theory of implied clause, combined with legislation, judicature and international business practice, this paper analyzes the implied clause of international contract for the sale of goods, and on this basis, puts forward his own idea of solving the problem of implied clause. This paper is divided into five parts, a total of more than 32000 words. The first part is the concept of implied clause in the contract for the sale of international goods and its relationship with the terms of the contract. This part emphasizes that the implied clause in the contract is the intention of the parties deduced from the established contract, which is non-explicit, asymmetrical, diverse and international, and has a dual impact on international trade in goods. Implied clause is the product of the comprehensive action of political, cultural, economic and legal factors. In addition, the relationship between implied terms and other contractual terms, such as express terms, is also discussed. The second part is the types and constituent elements of implied clauses in contracts for the sale of international goods. According to different standards, this part classifies the types of implied terms in the contract for the sale of international goods. The most common classification is that according to the source of implied clause, it is divided into legal implied clause, factual implied clause and implied clause established by trading habit, its constituent elements and identification methods are different. The third part is the comparative analysis of default rules in international and national legislation. This part combs the international conventions, the default rules in the national legislation. The author compares the contract conclusion and the contract form, confirms the quality and price of the goods and the contract performance three kinds of default rules, these rules can guide the parties to perform their obligations correctly. In the litigation, it can also guide the adjudication behavior and the litigation behavior. In violation of these default rules, the parties are generally liable for breach of contract, which is different from that of national laws. In fact, there are default rules in the legislation of our country, but we still need to draw lessons from the experience of Britain and the United States. The fourth part is a comparative analysis of the methods of dealing with implied clauses in judicial practice and commercial practice. This part analyzes the legal basis and legal basis for the application of default rules, and compares the modes in which courts in various countries apply default rules to identify implied clauses. In contrast, the civil law system pays attention to the theoretical discussion, while the common law system tends to analyze the objective situation. The mode of application of default rule in Chinese courts is similar to that of French courts, and the reasoning is relatively brief. In addition, based on the international business practice, the author discusses the shortcomings of dealing with implied clauses in the practice of foreign-related business in China. The fifth part is the suggestion to treat and deal with the implied clause correctly. Based on the previous analysis, in order to solve the problem of implied clause, this paper holds that the following measures should be taken: first of all, we should draw lessons from the relevant theories of Anglo-American law, recognize the concept of implied clause and perfect its theory. Secondly, the default rules should be clearly stipulated in legislative and judicial interpretation to make them more suitable for the development of international trade. Finally, traders should strengthen their awareness of international business, correctly deal with related problems, and promote the progress of China's foreign trade and foreign-related legal affairs.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D996.1;D997.1;D923.6
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，本文編號(hào)：2505680
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