國際貿(mào)易協(xié)定中的“文化例外”問題研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-06-19 10:54
【摘要】：摘要：隨著國際文化產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易競爭的不斷升級,一直以來被忽視或者說是擱置的“文化例外”問題開始引起人們的廣泛關(guān)注。“文化例外”是指在文化產(chǎn)品的國際貿(mào)易中,在堅持貿(mào)易自由化的基礎(chǔ)上,認(rèn)可必要的文化保護(hù)措施和例外規(guī)定,使成員國在國際貿(mào)易競爭中能夠發(fā)揮文化資源優(yōu)勢,使其能夠保護(hù)本國文化產(chǎn)品的特性以及實現(xiàn)文化產(chǎn)品國際貿(mào)易的實質(zhì)公平。 本文以國際貿(mào)易協(xié)定中的“文化例外”問題為研究對象,以美國—中國出版物及視聽娛樂產(chǎn)品案為例,探討實行“文化例外”的重要性,分析國際貿(mào)易協(xié)定中有關(guān)“文化例外”規(guī)定存在的問題,并提出相應(yīng)的完善對策。最后針對中美出版物及視聽娛樂產(chǎn)品案中提出的問題以及我國面對的發(fā)展形勢,提出了我國的應(yīng)對措施。 本文從全球貿(mào)易協(xié)定和區(qū)域貿(mào)易協(xié)定兩個層次探討“文化例外”規(guī)則的完善問題。WTO是比較早地支持“文化例外”的國際法律文件,GATT和GATG都有相關(guān)的“文化例外”規(guī)定。但“文化例外”并沒有作為獨立條款寫進(jìn)WTO法律中。與之相比,有關(guān)的區(qū)域貿(mào)易協(xié)定和雙邊貿(mào)易協(xié)定中的“文化例外”規(guī)定表現(xiàn)的更突出。其中,《北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定》以及歐盟的相關(guān)文化貿(mào)易協(xié)定有關(guān)“文化例外”的規(guī)定具有代表性。但是不論是WTO法律還是有關(guān)的雙邊或區(qū)域貿(mào)易協(xié)定關(guān)于文化例外的規(guī)則都存在不足,不能對文化產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易提供特殊保護(hù)。因而有必要完善國際貿(mào)易協(xié)定中的“文化例外”規(guī)則。在WTO中,除了要完善一些具體規(guī)則,還應(yīng)該明確將“文化例外”作為一般例外的內(nèi)容。區(qū)域貿(mào)易協(xié)定中“文化例外”的規(guī)定可以從規(guī)則和適用程序兩個層面予以完善。 與許多國家沒有在WTO中做出文化方面的承諾或承諾很少的情況不同,由于多方面原因,我國入世時在文化領(lǐng)域做出了一定的承諾,這些承諾對我國文化貿(mào)易的管理構(gòu)成了限制,這使得我國在當(dāng)前激烈的文化貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)中處于十分不利的地位,美國—中國出版物及視聽娛樂產(chǎn)品案就是一個很好的說明。所以,我國有必要認(rèn)真研究“文化例外”問題,積極參與國際貿(mào)易協(xié)定有關(guān)“文化例外”規(guī)則的制定。
[Abstract]:Absrtact: with the continuous escalation of international trade competition in cultural products, the problem of "cultural exception", which has been neglected or shelved, has begun to attract extensive attention. "Cultural exception" refers to the recognition of necessary cultural protection measures and exceptions in the international trade of cultural products, on the basis of insisting on trade liberalization, so that member States can give full play to the advantages of cultural resources in international trade competition, so that they can protect the characteristics of their own cultural products and realize the substantive fairness of international trade in cultural products. This paper takes the problem of "cultural exception" in international trade agreements as the research object, takes the case of American-Chinese publications and audio-visual entertainment products as an example, probes into the importance of implementing "cultural exception", analyzes the problems existing in the provisions of "cultural exception" in international trade agreements, and puts forward some corresponding perfect countermeasures. Finally, in view of the problems raised in the case of publications and audio-visual entertainment products in China and the United States and the development situation faced by our country, this paper puts forward some countermeasures for our country. This paper discusses the perfection of the rule of "cultural exception" from two levels of global trade agreements and regional trade agreements. WTO is an early international legal document supporting "cultural exception". Both GATT and GATG have the relevant "cultural exception" provisions. However, the Cultural exception was not written into WTO law as an independent clause. In contrast, the "cultural exception" provisions in the relevant regional trade agreements and bilateral trade agreements are more prominent. Among them, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the relevant EU cultural trade agreements on "cultural exceptions" are representative. However, whether it is WTO law or the relevant bilateral or regional trade agreements on cultural exceptions, there are shortcomings and can not provide special protection for the trade of cultural products. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the "cultural exception" rule in international trade agreements. In WTO, in addition to perfecting some specific rules, the "cultural exception" should also be taken as the general exception. The provisions of "cultural exceptions" in regional trade agreements can be improved from two aspects: rules and applicable procedures. Different from the fact that many countries have not made cultural commitments or commitments in WTO, due to many reasons, China made certain commitments in the field of culture when China joined the WTO. These commitments limit the management of China's cultural trade, which makes our country in a very disadvantageous position in the current fierce cultural trade war. The case of American-Chinese publications and audio-visual entertainment products is a good illustration. Therefore, it is necessary for our country to seriously study the problem of "cultural exception" and actively participate in the formulation of the rules of "cultural exception" in international trade agreements.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D996.1
[Abstract]:Absrtact: with the continuous escalation of international trade competition in cultural products, the problem of "cultural exception", which has been neglected or shelved, has begun to attract extensive attention. "Cultural exception" refers to the recognition of necessary cultural protection measures and exceptions in the international trade of cultural products, on the basis of insisting on trade liberalization, so that member States can give full play to the advantages of cultural resources in international trade competition, so that they can protect the characteristics of their own cultural products and realize the substantive fairness of international trade in cultural products. This paper takes the problem of "cultural exception" in international trade agreements as the research object, takes the case of American-Chinese publications and audio-visual entertainment products as an example, probes into the importance of implementing "cultural exception", analyzes the problems existing in the provisions of "cultural exception" in international trade agreements, and puts forward some corresponding perfect countermeasures. Finally, in view of the problems raised in the case of publications and audio-visual entertainment products in China and the United States and the development situation faced by our country, this paper puts forward some countermeasures for our country. This paper discusses the perfection of the rule of "cultural exception" from two levels of global trade agreements and regional trade agreements. WTO is an early international legal document supporting "cultural exception". Both GATT and GATG have the relevant "cultural exception" provisions. However, the Cultural exception was not written into WTO law as an independent clause. In contrast, the "cultural exception" provisions in the relevant regional trade agreements and bilateral trade agreements are more prominent. Among them, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the relevant EU cultural trade agreements on "cultural exceptions" are representative. However, whether it is WTO law or the relevant bilateral or regional trade agreements on cultural exceptions, there are shortcomings and can not provide special protection for the trade of cultural products. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the "cultural exception" rule in international trade agreements. In WTO, in addition to perfecting some specific rules, the "cultural exception" should also be taken as the general exception. The provisions of "cultural exceptions" in regional trade agreements can be improved from two aspects: rules and applicable procedures. Different from the fact that many countries have not made cultural commitments or commitments in WTO, due to many reasons, China made certain commitments in the field of culture when China joined the WTO. These commitments limit the management of China's cultural trade, which makes our country in a very disadvantageous position in the current fierce cultural trade war. The case of American-Chinese publications and audio-visual entertainment products is a good illustration. Therefore, it is necessary for our country to seriously study the problem of "cultural exception" and actively participate in the formulation of the rules of "cultural exception" in international trade agreements.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D996.1
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