發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-02-23 10:31

【摘要】：難民問題已不是一個(gè)新鮮話題,而是一個(gè)由來已久的歷史性問題,難民這一概念可以追溯到第一次世界大戰(zhàn),1918年以后國際法領(lǐng)域最初產(chǎn)生了難民的概念,與此同時(shí)伴隨出現(xiàn)難民保護(hù)機(jī)制。近年來,隨著國家間貧富差距的加大,加之一些國家和區(qū)域政治形勢(shì)的不穩(wěn)定,在國際社會(huì)背景下,經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化和政治一體化帶來便宜的同時(shí)也給國際社會(huì)帶來了負(fù)面影響,使難民產(chǎn)生原因更具多樣化,復(fù)雜化,難民問題給國際社會(huì)帶來越來越大的壓力。作為難民保護(hù)史上的兩個(gè)國際性法律文件,1951年《關(guān)于難民地位的公約》和1967年《關(guān)于難民地位的議定書》在多變復(fù)雜的背景下保護(hù)難民權(quán)益也顯得力不從心。難民法以及國際社會(huì)建立的難民保護(hù)原則與規(guī)則,雖然在全球難民保護(hù)實(shí)踐中取得了一定成果,但由于世界各國對(duì)于難民以及難民保護(hù)在認(rèn)知上存在一定的差異,再加上相對(duì)不成熟的難民參與機(jī)制,要使當(dāng)前緊張的全球難民形勢(shì)得以緩解,國際社會(huì)仍需付出巨大努力。有鑒于此,本文選取國際法律難民保護(hù)機(jī)制的視角,深入探討了難民權(quán)益保護(hù)的相關(guān)問題,針對(duì)現(xiàn)有的難民法律保護(hù)機(jī)制進(jìn)行了鞭辟入里的分析,結(jié)合目前時(shí)代背景、難民產(chǎn)生原因的多樣化以及現(xiàn)有難民保護(hù)法律法規(guī)的不足與難民權(quán)益保護(hù)在實(shí)踐上存在的障礙,為難民的國際法律保護(hù)機(jī)制諫言。論文的框架由引言、正文、結(jié)論構(gòu)成。其中正文分為三部分。第一部分難民問題概述,主要是對(duì)難民這一基本概念進(jìn)行概述。首先,介紹了難民在普遍意義上的定義以及按照難民產(chǎn)生原因進(jìn)行的分類;然后,根據(jù)難民的產(chǎn)生原因以及目前的發(fā)展形勢(shì),對(duì)難民的國際社會(huì)影響進(jìn)行了論述;其次,概述了在難民保護(hù)實(shí)踐中所基于的相關(guān)法律文件;最后,在難民保護(hù)的責(zé)任主體方面,主要對(duì)主權(quán)國家和國際組織進(jìn)行了簡單概述。第二部分難民的國際法律保護(hù)存在的不足。該部分在綜合分析當(dāng)前國際難民保護(hù)的相關(guān)法律法規(guī)以及實(shí)踐中的難民保護(hù)的基礎(chǔ)上,提出了難民問題在國際法律保護(hù)機(jī)制下所存在的幾點(diǎn)缺陷。首先在難民保護(hù)制度中,難民定義存在缺陷,難民認(rèn)定的國際法規(guī)、公約不健全;其次是難民保護(hù)實(shí)踐中責(zé)任主體不明確,難民遣返后續(xù)關(guān)注不到位的問題;最后是難民接收國在援助難民運(yùn)作過程中存在的各國難民相關(guān)法律法規(guī)的認(rèn)知偏差,各國難民機(jī)制銜接以及接收國承受的巨大壓力的問題。第三部分基于難民國際法律保護(hù)機(jī)制的不足,提出筆者的幾點(diǎn)建議。首先,重點(diǎn)闡述如何建立健全的難民保護(hù)法律基礎(chǔ),立足于完善難民保護(hù)國際公約,各國難民法律體系以及創(chuàng)制新型難民保護(hù)的法律法規(guī);其次,健全難民保護(hù)在實(shí)踐中的具體措施,加強(qiáng)國家間合作,優(yōu)化責(zé)任主體職能;最后,構(gòu)建難民多元保護(hù)機(jī)制,發(fā)揮非政府組織以及媒體等第三方主體在難民保護(hù)中的重大作用。
[Abstract]:The refugee problem is no longer a new topic, but a historic one. The concept of refugees dates back to the first World War, and the concept of refugees first emerged in the field of international law after 1918. At the same time, the emergence of refugee protection mechanisms. In recent years, with the widening gap between rich and poor among countries and the instability of political situation in some countries and regions, under the background of international society, economic globalization and political integration have brought about not only cheap but also negative impact on the international community. The more diverse and complicated the causes are, the greater the pressure on the international community. As two international legal documents in the history of refugee protection, the 1951 Convention relating to the status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol relating to the status of Refugees are unable to protect the rights and interests of refugees under the changing and complicated background. Although the refugee law and the principles and rules of refugee protection established by the international community have made some achievements in the global refugee protection practice, there are certain differences in the perception of refugees and refugee protection among countries in the world. Coupled with relatively immature mechanisms for refugee participation, the international community still needs to do a lot to ease the current tense global refugee situation. In view of this, this paper selects the angle of view of international legal refugee protection mechanism, deeply discusses the related problems of refugee rights protection, analyzes the existing refugee legal protection mechanism, and combines with the background of the present era. The diversity of the causes of refugees, the deficiency of the existing laws and regulations of refugee protection and the obstacles in the practice of the protection of the rights and interests of refugees, advise the international legal protection mechanism of refugees. The framework of the paper is composed of introduction, text and conclusion. The text is divided into three parts. The first part is an overview of the refugee problem, mainly the basic concept of refugees. Firstly, the definition of refugees in the universal sense and the classification according to the causes of the refugees are introduced, and then, according to the causes of the refugees and the current development situation, the impact of the refugees on the international community is discussed. Secondly, it summarizes the relevant legal documents based on in the practice of refugee protection; finally, in the aspect of the subject of refugee protection responsibility, it mainly summarizes the sovereign states and international organizations. The second part is the deficiency of international legal protection of refugees. On the basis of the comprehensive analysis of the relevant laws and regulations of international refugee protection and the refugee protection in practice, this part puts forward some defects of the refugee problem under the international legal protection mechanism. Firstly, in the refugee protection system, there are defects in the definition of refugees, the international regulations and conventions of refugee identification are not perfect; secondly, in the practice of refugee protection, the subject of responsibility is not clear and the follow-up concerns of refugee repatriation are not in place. Finally, there are some problems in the operation of refugee assistance in the host country, such as the cognitive deviation of the relevant laws and regulations, the connection of the national refugee mechanism and the great pressure on the receiving country. The third part puts forward some suggestions based on the deficiency of international legal protection mechanism for refugees. First of all, how to establish a sound legal basis for refugee protection, based on the improvement of international conventions on refugee protection, refugee legal systems in various countries and the creation of new types of refugee protection laws and regulations; Secondly, perfect the concrete measures of refugee protection in practice, strengthen inter-state cooperation, optimize the function of responsibility subject; Finally, the multiple refugee protection mechanism should be constructed to play an important role in refugee protection by non-governmental organizations and other third parties such as the media.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D998

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