跨界核損害賠償制度初探
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-12-18 01:04
【摘要】：本世紀(jì)以來(lái),核能作為一種新興的能源已經(jīng)在世界被廣泛應(yīng)用。在核能帶來(lái)清潔和高效的能源的同時(shí),也伴隨有巨大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),跨界核損害及其賠償制成為國(guó)際社會(huì)所關(guān)注的重要問(wèn)題。積極推進(jìn)核能領(lǐng)域的國(guó)際合作,在核損害賠償制度國(guó)際公約的框架下,建立健全國(guó)內(nèi)的核損害責(zé)任制度成為保護(hù)公眾的利益和促進(jìn)核工業(yè)的健康發(fā)展的必要之舉。 本文包括引言、正文和結(jié)語(yǔ)三個(gè)部分。其中正文包括六部分： 第一部分為核能和平利用情況的概述,主要闡述了核能產(chǎn)生至今和平利用的幾個(gè)歷史階段以及核能和平利用的優(yōu)勢(shì)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。第二部分介紹了跨界核損害的含義、特征和分類,即,人體侵害、財(cái)產(chǎn)損害、環(huán)境損害。根據(jù)1997年的《核損害補(bǔ)充公約》、《核損害民事責(zé)任維也納公約》的規(guī)定,核損害的定義為：生命喪失或人身傷害；財(cái)產(chǎn)的損失或損害；經(jīng)濟(jì)損失,條件是有資格對(duì)所述損失或損害提出索賠的人員遭受了此種損失；受損害環(huán)境(輕微者除外)的恢復(fù)措施費(fèi)用；由于環(huán)境的明顯損害所引起的收入損失,而這種收入來(lái)自環(huán)境的任何利用或享用方面的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益；預(yù)防措施費(fèi)用以及由此類措施引起的進(jìn)一步損失或損害；環(huán)境損害所造成的損失以外的任何其他經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。第三部分闡述了核損害民事責(zé)任的一般理論,包括核損害責(zé)任的概念、性質(zhì)、構(gòu)成要件。同時(shí)還介紹了核損害民事責(zé)任制度中的：核損害民事責(zé)任制度集中制度、最高責(zé)任限額制度、強(qiáng)制責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)和國(guó)家補(bǔ)充賠償制度。第四部分闡述了核損害賠償責(zé)任制度的國(guó)際立法,主要考察了：《巴黎公約》、《布魯塞爾補(bǔ)充公約》、《維也納公約》、《布魯塞爾公約》、《維也納議定書》、《核損害補(bǔ)充賠償公約》的內(nèi)容,并對(duì)各國(guó)際公約進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),第四部分為跨界核損害責(zé)任的外國(guó)立法,主要闡述了美國(guó)、英國(guó)及其他和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的核損害責(zé)任法律制度。第五部分為跨界核損害賠償?shù)耐晟坡窂?通過(guò)分析國(guó)際核事故賠償?shù)膶?shí)踐,介紹相關(guān)雙邊和多邊國(guó)際協(xié)定進(jìn)而得出以國(guó)際公法的方式解決跨界損害賠償問(wèn)題的方法為最佳的解決途徑。第六部分介紹我國(guó)法律責(zé)任制度,通過(guò)分析我國(guó)現(xiàn)有的核責(zé)任法律制度,提出相關(guān)立法設(shè)想,包括在民法層面對(duì)核損害責(zé)任作出全面規(guī)定,制定核能領(lǐng)域的基本法-《原子能法》,制定《核損害賠償法》,適當(dāng)考慮加入已有的核損害賠償國(guó)際公約、與其他國(guó)家就跨界核損害賠償問(wèn)題簽訂雙邊或多邊國(guó)際協(xié)定。
[Abstract]:Since this century, nuclear energy as a new energy has been widely used in the world. While nuclear energy brings clean and efficient energy, there are also huge risks, so transboundary nuclear damage and its compensation system have become an important concern of the international community. To actively promote international cooperation in the field of nuclear energy and to establish and improve domestic nuclear damage liability system within the framework of the international convention on nuclear damage compensation system has become a necessary measure to protect the interests of the public and promote the healthy development of the nuclear industry. This paper includes three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The main body includes six parts: the first part is an overview of the peaceful use of nuclear energy. It mainly describes several historical stages of peaceful use of nuclear energy and the advantages and risks of peaceful use of nuclear energy. The second part introduces the meaning, characteristics and classification of transboundary nuclear damage, that is, human body damage, property damage, environmental damage. According to the 1997 Supplementary Convention on Nuclear damage, the Vienna Convention on Civil liability for Nuclear damage defines nuclear damage as loss of life or personal injury, loss of or damage to property; (a) Economic losses, provided that the person entitled to claim for the losses or damage in question has suffered such losses; the cost of restoration measures for the damaged environment (except minor); Loss of income as a result of apparent damage to the environment, derived from any economic interest in the use or enjoyment of the environment; the cost of preventive measures and any further loss or damage resulting from such measures; Any economic loss other than that caused by environmental damage. The third part expounds the general theory of civil liability for nuclear damage, including the concept, nature and elements of nuclear damage liability. At the same time, it also introduces the system of civil liability for nuclear damage: the centralization of civil liability system for nuclear damage, the maximum liability limit system, the compulsory liability insurance system and the state supplementary compensation system. The fourth part describes the international legislation on the regime of liability for nuclear damage, and mainly examines: the Paris Convention, the Brussels Supplementary Convention, the Vienna Convention, the Brussels Convention, the Vienna Protocol, The contents of the Convention on Supplementary compensation for Nuclear damage and the evaluation of the international conventions. The fourth part is the foreign legislation on the liability for transboundary nuclear damage, which mainly expounds the legal system of nuclear damage liability of the United States, the United Kingdom and other developed countries. The fifth part is the perfect path of compensation for transboundary nuclear damage, through the analysis of the international nuclear accident compensation practice, This paper introduces relevant bilateral and multilateral international agreements and concludes that the best way to solve the problem of compensation for transboundary damage is to solve the problem of compensation for transboundary damage by means of public international law. The sixth part introduces the legal liability system of our country, through the analysis of the existing legal system of nuclear liability in China, puts forward the relevant legislative ideas, including the comprehensive regulation of nuclear damage liability in the level of civil law. The basic Law in the field of nuclear energy, the Atomic Energy Law, the Law on compensation for Nuclear damage, the proper consideration of joining the existing international conventions on compensation for nuclear damage, and the signing of bilateral or multilateral international agreements with other countries on the issue of compensation for transboundary nuclear damage.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D999.2
本文編號(hào)：2385052
[Abstract]:Since this century, nuclear energy as a new energy has been widely used in the world. While nuclear energy brings clean and efficient energy, there are also huge risks, so transboundary nuclear damage and its compensation system have become an important concern of the international community. To actively promote international cooperation in the field of nuclear energy and to establish and improve domestic nuclear damage liability system within the framework of the international convention on nuclear damage compensation system has become a necessary measure to protect the interests of the public and promote the healthy development of the nuclear industry. This paper includes three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The main body includes six parts: the first part is an overview of the peaceful use of nuclear energy. It mainly describes several historical stages of peaceful use of nuclear energy and the advantages and risks of peaceful use of nuclear energy. The second part introduces the meaning, characteristics and classification of transboundary nuclear damage, that is, human body damage, property damage, environmental damage. According to the 1997 Supplementary Convention on Nuclear damage, the Vienna Convention on Civil liability for Nuclear damage defines nuclear damage as loss of life or personal injury, loss of or damage to property; (a) Economic losses, provided that the person entitled to claim for the losses or damage in question has suffered such losses; the cost of restoration measures for the damaged environment (except minor); Loss of income as a result of apparent damage to the environment, derived from any economic interest in the use or enjoyment of the environment; the cost of preventive measures and any further loss or damage resulting from such measures; Any economic loss other than that caused by environmental damage. The third part expounds the general theory of civil liability for nuclear damage, including the concept, nature and elements of nuclear damage liability. At the same time, it also introduces the system of civil liability for nuclear damage: the centralization of civil liability system for nuclear damage, the maximum liability limit system, the compulsory liability insurance system and the state supplementary compensation system. The fourth part describes the international legislation on the regime of liability for nuclear damage, and mainly examines: the Paris Convention, the Brussels Supplementary Convention, the Vienna Convention, the Brussels Convention, the Vienna Protocol, The contents of the Convention on Supplementary compensation for Nuclear damage and the evaluation of the international conventions. The fourth part is the foreign legislation on the liability for transboundary nuclear damage, which mainly expounds the legal system of nuclear damage liability of the United States, the United Kingdom and other developed countries. The fifth part is the perfect path of compensation for transboundary nuclear damage, through the analysis of the international nuclear accident compensation practice, This paper introduces relevant bilateral and multilateral international agreements and concludes that the best way to solve the problem of compensation for transboundary damage is to solve the problem of compensation for transboundary damage by means of public international law. The sixth part introduces the legal liability system of our country, through the analysis of the existing legal system of nuclear liability in China, puts forward the relevant legislative ideas, including the comprehensive regulation of nuclear damage liability in the level of civil law. The basic Law in the field of nuclear energy, the Atomic Energy Law, the Law on compensation for Nuclear damage, the proper consideration of joining the existing international conventions on compensation for nuclear damage, and the signing of bilateral or multilateral international agreements with other countries on the issue of compensation for transboundary nuclear damage.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D999.2
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