擔(dān)保國在“區(qū)域”勘探和開發(fā)中的義務(wù)研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-11-18 09:04
【摘要】：1982年《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》規(guī)定了個(gè)人和實(shí)體進(jìn)行國際海底區(qū)域活動(dòng)時(shí)需要締約國提供擔(dān)保,盡管擔(dān)保國沒有直接從事“區(qū)域”活動(dòng),但擔(dān)保國需要履行相關(guān)的國際義務(wù)以確保“區(qū)域”活動(dòng)的順利進(jìn)行,另一方面擔(dān)保國也要盡其所能履行義務(wù)以減輕所承擔(dān)的擔(dān)保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。擔(dān)保國在勘探階段的義務(wù)主要分為兩類,一類是“確�！绷x務(wù),一類是擔(dān)保國的直接義務(wù)。擔(dān)保國的“確�！绷x務(wù)指的是擔(dān)保國需要通過制定法律法規(guī)和采取行政措施來“確�！背邪咴谶M(jìn)行“區(qū)域”活動(dòng)時(shí)履行相關(guān)的義務(wù),擔(dān)保國要在其法律制度內(nèi)規(guī)定:(1)進(jìn)行“區(qū)域”活動(dòng)承包者的主體;(2)頒發(fā)資格許可和擔(dān)保書的條件;(3)承包者不遵守規(guī)定的懲罰措施;(4)確保承包者履行環(huán)境保護(hù)義務(wù);(5)建立執(zhí)行機(jī)制以便有效監(jiān)督承包者在“區(qū)域”的活動(dòng);(6)執(zhí)行有關(guān)國際法庭和仲裁庭的裁決。擔(dān)保國的直接義務(wù)指的是擔(dān)保國自身在“區(qū)域”活動(dòng)中擔(dān)保國自身需要履行的義務(wù)。對(duì)于擔(dān)保國直接義務(wù)的履行方式有兩類,一類是通過制定法律法規(guī)來履行,一類是通過擔(dān)保國直接行為來履行。通過制定法律法規(guī)來履行的義務(wù)有:(1)協(xié)助管理局;(2)承包者造成損害后確保申訴可以賠償。另一類通過擔(dān)保國直接行為履行的義務(wù)有:(1)采取預(yù)先防范辦法;(2)采取最佳環(huán)境做法和最佳技術(shù);(3)進(jìn)行環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià);(4)承擔(dān)技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓義務(wù);(5)制定勘探訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃;(6)擔(dān)保國終止擔(dān)保需要告知海底管理局秘書長;(7)核正承包者所提交的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表。如果擔(dān)保國沒有履行其義務(wù)并因此造成了實(shí)際損害,包括“確�！绷x務(wù)和直接義務(wù),那么擔(dān)保國需要承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。在上述義務(wù)中,只有在采取預(yù)先防范辦法時(shí)發(fā)展中國家擔(dān)保國的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以低于發(fā)達(dá)國家擔(dān)保國。對(duì)于擔(dān)保國在“區(qū)域”開發(fā)階段的義務(wù),除了在勘探階段所承擔(dān)的義務(wù)外,擔(dān)保國還承擔(dān)的義務(wù)有:(1)在國內(nèi)法中要采用嚴(yán)格責(zé)任歸責(zé)原則;(2)協(xié)助管理局和交換信息;(3)監(jiān)視承包者活動(dòng);(4)監(jiān)督區(qū)域利益分享機(jī)制。我們應(yīng)該注意到,1982年《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》中要求在“區(qū)域”活動(dòng)中,要照顧發(fā)展中國家和地理不利國的特殊利益和需求。我國積極履行作為擔(dān)保國的義務(wù),包括制訂《中華人民共和國深海海底區(qū)域資源勘探開發(fā)法》和按照國際法和國際海底管理局的相關(guān)要求履行作為擔(dān)保國的義務(wù),我國在“區(qū)域”活動(dòng)中的實(shí)踐履行了我國作為擔(dān)保國的直接義務(wù)。隨著我國“區(qū)域”活動(dòng)主體的增多,如何切實(shí)履行擔(dān)保國義務(wù)以有效減輕我國作為擔(dān)保國的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是我國作為擔(dān)保國在“區(qū)域”活動(dòng)中需要解決的問題。
[Abstract]:The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provides that States parties are required to provide guarantees for the conduct of activities in the international seabed area by individuals and entities, although the sponsoring State is not directly engaged in activities in the area, The sponsoring State, however, needs to fulfil the relevant international obligations in order to ensure the smooth conduct of activities in the area and, on the other hand, the sponsoring State must do its utmost to fulfil its obligations in order to mitigate the risk of security. The obligations of the sponsoring State in the exploration stage are divided into two main categories, one is the obligation to "ensure" and the other is the direct obligation of the sponsoring State. The obligation of the sponsoring State to "ensure" the need for the sponsoring State to "ensure" the fulfilment of the relevant obligations of the contractor in carrying out its activities in the area through the adoption of laws and regulations and administrative measures, The sponsoring State shall provide in its legal system: (I) the subject of the contractor for the conduct of activities in the area; (II) conditions for the issuance of qualifications and guarantees; (III) non-compliance by the contractor with the required penalties; and (iv) ensuring compliance by the contractor with its obligations to protect the environment; (v) Establishment of enforcement mechanisms to effectively monitor the activities of contractors in the area; and (vi) enforcement of decisions of relevant international tribunals and arbitral tribunals. The direct obligation of the sponsoring State refers to the obligations to be performed by the sponsoring State itself in its own activities in the area. There are two types of performance of the direct obligation of the sponsoring State, one is by enacting laws and regulations, and the other is by the direct act of the sponsoring State. The obligations to be fulfilled by establishing laws and regulations include: (I) assisting the Authority; and (II) ensuring that the claim is compensable after the contractor has caused the damage. The other types of obligations performed through the direct conduct of the sponsoring State are: (I) a precautionary approach; (II) best environmental practices and techniques; (III) an environmental impact assessment; and (iv) an obligation to transfer technology; (v) Development of a plan for exploration training; (vi) notification by the sponsoring State to the Secretary-General of the Authority of the need to terminate the guarantee; and (VII) approval of the financial statements submitted by the contractor. If the sponsoring State fails to fulfil its obligations and thereby causes actual harm, including the obligation to "ensure" and the direct obligation, the sponsoring State is liable. Of the above obligations, the standard of sponsoring State of developing State may be lower than that of sponsoring State of developed country only when a precautionary approach is taken. With regard to the obligations of the sponsoring State in the exploitation phase of the area, in addition to its obligations during the exploration phase, the sponsoring State has the following obligations: (I) the principle of strict liability shall be applied in domestic law; (II) Assistance to the Authority and exchange of information; (III) monitoring of contractor activities; and (iv) supervision of regional benefit-sharing mechanisms. We should note that the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea calls for the special interests and needs of developing and geographically disadvantaged States to be taken into account in activities in the area. Actively fulfilling its obligations as a sponsoring State, including the enactment of the Law of the people's Republic of China on Exploration and Exploitation of the Resources of the Deep seabed area and the fulfilment of its obligations as a sponsoring State in accordance with international law and the relevant requirements of the International seabed Authority, Our practice in the area fulfils our direct obligations as a sponsoring State. With the increase of the subject of "area" activities in China, how to effectively fulfill the obligations of the sponsoring State in order to effectively reduce the risk of our country as a sponsoring State is a problem that needs to be solved in the activities of the "area" as a sponsoring State.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：國際關(guān)系學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：D993.5
本文編號(hào)：2339571
[Abstract]:The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provides that States parties are required to provide guarantees for the conduct of activities in the international seabed area by individuals and entities, although the sponsoring State is not directly engaged in activities in the area, The sponsoring State, however, needs to fulfil the relevant international obligations in order to ensure the smooth conduct of activities in the area and, on the other hand, the sponsoring State must do its utmost to fulfil its obligations in order to mitigate the risk of security. The obligations of the sponsoring State in the exploration stage are divided into two main categories, one is the obligation to "ensure" and the other is the direct obligation of the sponsoring State. The obligation of the sponsoring State to "ensure" the need for the sponsoring State to "ensure" the fulfilment of the relevant obligations of the contractor in carrying out its activities in the area through the adoption of laws and regulations and administrative measures, The sponsoring State shall provide in its legal system: (I) the subject of the contractor for the conduct of activities in the area; (II) conditions for the issuance of qualifications and guarantees; (III) non-compliance by the contractor with the required penalties; and (iv) ensuring compliance by the contractor with its obligations to protect the environment; (v) Establishment of enforcement mechanisms to effectively monitor the activities of contractors in the area; and (vi) enforcement of decisions of relevant international tribunals and arbitral tribunals. The direct obligation of the sponsoring State refers to the obligations to be performed by the sponsoring State itself in its own activities in the area. There are two types of performance of the direct obligation of the sponsoring State, one is by enacting laws and regulations, and the other is by the direct act of the sponsoring State. The obligations to be fulfilled by establishing laws and regulations include: (I) assisting the Authority; and (II) ensuring that the claim is compensable after the contractor has caused the damage. The other types of obligations performed through the direct conduct of the sponsoring State are: (I) a precautionary approach; (II) best environmental practices and techniques; (III) an environmental impact assessment; and (iv) an obligation to transfer technology; (v) Development of a plan for exploration training; (vi) notification by the sponsoring State to the Secretary-General of the Authority of the need to terminate the guarantee; and (VII) approval of the financial statements submitted by the contractor. If the sponsoring State fails to fulfil its obligations and thereby causes actual harm, including the obligation to "ensure" and the direct obligation, the sponsoring State is liable. Of the above obligations, the standard of sponsoring State of developing State may be lower than that of sponsoring State of developed country only when a precautionary approach is taken. With regard to the obligations of the sponsoring State in the exploitation phase of the area, in addition to its obligations during the exploration phase, the sponsoring State has the following obligations: (I) the principle of strict liability shall be applied in domestic law; (II) Assistance to the Authority and exchange of information; (III) monitoring of contractor activities; and (iv) supervision of regional benefit-sharing mechanisms. We should note that the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea calls for the special interests and needs of developing and geographically disadvantaged States to be taken into account in activities in the area. Actively fulfilling its obligations as a sponsoring State, including the enactment of the Law of the people's Republic of China on Exploration and Exploitation of the Resources of the Deep seabed area and the fulfilment of its obligations as a sponsoring State in accordance with international law and the relevant requirements of the International seabed Authority, Our practice in the area fulfils our direct obligations as a sponsoring State. With the increase of the subject of "area" activities in China, how to effectively fulfill the obligations of the sponsoring State in order to effectively reduce the risk of our country as a sponsoring State is a problem that needs to be solved in the activities of the "area" as a sponsoring State.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：國際關(guān)系學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：D993.5
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