《聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章》憲法性研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-11-16 07:22
【摘要】:《聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《憲章》)是不是憲法,是一部什么樣的憲法,或者說(shuō),在哪種意義上和多大程度上是一部憲法,這就是本文所研究的《憲章》的憲法性問(wèn)題。聯(lián)合國(guó)60多年的發(fā)展歷程和《憲章》日益顯著的國(guó)際關(guān)系根本行為準(zhǔn)則與國(guó)際法基石地位表明《憲章》越來(lái)越具有憲法的性質(zhì)?茖W(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)和認(rèn)真對(duì)待《憲章》的這種性質(zhì),使其在全球化浪潮中充分發(fā)揮應(yīng)有功能,為國(guó)際法治奠定憲法基礎(chǔ),此即本文的主旨。 憲法的本質(zhì)屬性在于對(duì)權(quán)力的法律制約。這主要表現(xiàn)在憲法區(qū)別于普通法律的關(guān)于權(quán)力制約的組織規(guī)范性質(zhì)、社會(huì)契約性質(zhì)、根本法與高級(jí)法性質(zhì)。憲法對(duì)自由、民主、人權(quán)的確認(rèn)、規(guī)范和保障功能無(wú)不以此為基礎(chǔ),由此形成了憲法之于法治的“阿基米德點(diǎn)”地位。紛繁復(fù)雜的社會(huì)環(huán)境及其治理需要決定了憲法本質(zhì)屬性的多樣性存在,決定了憲法的權(quán)力制約功能在不同社會(huì)及其不同發(fā)展階段具有不同的特征和表現(xiàn)。相對(duì)于國(guó)家,國(guó)際社會(huì)更需要權(quán)力制約,尤其需要具有特殊針對(duì)性的權(quán)力制約。《憲章》之所以被寄予維護(hù)世界和平與安全、促進(jìn)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展、推動(dòng)世界人權(quán)特別是保障落后國(guó)家特殊群體人權(quán)的厚望,就源于其具有的制約國(guó)際社會(huì)霸權(quán)、規(guī)范主權(quán)國(guó)家的權(quán)力與責(zé)任方面的憲法本質(zhì)與功能。 區(qū)別于普通國(guó)際法和國(guó)家憲法,《憲章》的國(guó)際憲法性質(zhì)主要體現(xiàn)在:一、《憲章》既是作為現(xiàn)存國(guó)際組織的聯(lián)合國(guó)的總章程,也是作為發(fā)展中的“類世界政府”的聯(lián)合國(guó)的總章程,還是處于萌芽狀態(tài)的國(guó)際共同體意義上的聯(lián)合國(guó)的總章程,《憲章》在這三個(gè)層面都具有相應(yīng)的對(duì)國(guó)際社會(huì)權(quán)力的組織法性質(zhì)。二、《憲章》在技術(shù)上是國(guó)際條約,其實(shí)質(zhì)則為“聯(lián)合國(guó)家”(the United Nations)及其代表的“聯(lián)合國(guó)家人民”(the Peoples of the United Nations)的社會(huì)契約。這是聯(lián)合國(guó)普遍性、合法性、權(quán)威性的理論基礎(chǔ),也是聯(lián)合國(guó)提供國(guó)際公共物品的邏輯前提,更是國(guó)際社會(huì)賴以維系和發(fā)展的理性選擇。三、在全球化浪潮中,聯(lián)合國(guó)無(wú)論自身面臨的挑戰(zhàn)還是眾望所歸的全球治理使命,都需要《憲章》在經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、法律全球化進(jìn)程中發(fā)揮普通國(guó)際法無(wú)可替代的治理框架作用。60多年來(lái)特別是冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后聯(lián)合國(guó)的全球治理實(shí)踐使《憲章》的這種根本法性質(zhì)越來(lái)越引人注目。四、無(wú)論基于《憲章》對(duì)普世價(jià)值的規(guī)范表達(dá)還是出于國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)《憲章》宗旨和原則的普遍承認(rèn),《憲章》對(duì)普通國(guó)際法在事實(shí)上都具有基本規(guī)范的功能。這在一定程度上緩解了國(guó)際法的實(shí)質(zhì)合法性和形式合法性危機(jī),《憲章》因此具有典型的高級(jí)法屬性。 總體上看,《憲章》具有憲法的本質(zhì)屬性。但其程度較為復(fù)雜,一方面,與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家憲法的權(quán)威性和實(shí)效性無(wú)法相提并論;另一方面,相對(duì)于那些內(nèi)戰(zhàn)連綿、暴政橫行的國(guó)家的語(yǔ)義憲法,《憲章》相當(dāng)于名義憲法。就此而言,《憲章》的憲法性“比上不足比下有余”,介于名義憲法與規(guī)范憲法之間。這與聯(lián)合國(guó)的現(xiàn)實(shí)地位相符,基本上反映了當(dāng)前國(guó)際社會(huì)的治理現(xiàn)狀。很明顯,只有在規(guī)范憲法的意義上,《憲章》的國(guó)際憲法地位才名符其實(shí),《憲章》區(qū)別于國(guó)家憲法的特殊憲法類型才水到渠成和名正言順。從當(dāng)前全球化進(jìn)程的態(tài)勢(shì)看,從全球性相互依賴的廣度、深度和速度看,從國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)全球治理中法律作用的共識(shí)看,《憲章》的憲法化——從名義憲法發(fā)展成為規(guī)范憲法——從根本上講,既取決于全球治理的現(xiàn)實(shí)需要,也有賴于其在國(guó)際法治進(jìn)程中的實(shí)際貢獻(xiàn)。
[Abstract]:The Charter of the United Nations (hereinafter referred to as the Charter) is a constitution, what kind of constitution, or what extent and to what extent is a constitution, that is the constitutional problem of the Charter. The basic code of conduct of the United Nations for more than 60 years and the ever-increasing international relationship between the Charter and the Charter of the United Nations and the cornerstone of international law have shown that the Charter is increasingly of a constitutional nature. The scientific understanding and the serious treatment of this nature of the Charter have enabled it to give full play to its due function in the tide of globalization and lay a constitutional basis for the international rule of law, which is the main thrust of this paper. The essential attribute of the constitution lies in the law of power The restriction of the nature of the organization, the nature of the social contract, the fundamental method and the advanced method in the constitution, which is different from the general law in relation to the restriction of power. The Constitution is based on the recognition, norms and guarantees of freedom, democracy and human rights, thereby forming the 鈥淎rchimedes point鈥,
本文編號(hào):2334846
[Abstract]:The Charter of the United Nations (hereinafter referred to as the Charter) is a constitution, what kind of constitution, or what extent and to what extent is a constitution, that is the constitutional problem of the Charter. The basic code of conduct of the United Nations for more than 60 years and the ever-increasing international relationship between the Charter and the Charter of the United Nations and the cornerstone of international law have shown that the Charter is increasingly of a constitutional nature. The scientific understanding and the serious treatment of this nature of the Charter have enabled it to give full play to its due function in the tide of globalization and lay a constitutional basis for the international rule of law, which is the main thrust of this paper. The essential attribute of the constitution lies in the law of power The restriction of the nature of the organization, the nature of the social contract, the fundamental method and the advanced method in the constitution, which is different from the general law in relation to the restriction of power. The Constitution is based on the recognition, norms and guarantees of freedom, democracy and human rights, thereby forming the 鈥淎rchimedes point鈥,
本文編號(hào):2334846
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