【摘要】：外交保護(hù)是國際法上一項(xiàng)傳統(tǒng)而又復(fù)雜的法律制度，作為國籍國維護(hù)本國公民和法人海外合法權(quán)益的重要手段，世界各國都格外重視本國外交保護(hù)制度的建設(shè)與研究。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的發(fā)展，，我國自改革開放以來，走出國門的企業(yè)和個人的數(shù)量不斷攀升，隨之而來的我國公民和法人在海外受到侵害的事件也不斷增多。雖然我國積極應(yīng)對，采取了多種措施來維護(hù)海外公民和法人的合法權(quán)益，并在逐步完善外交保護(hù)制度，但我們可以看到，我國在研究與實(shí)施外交保護(hù)的過程中仍存在著很多不足和缺點(diǎn)；在系統(tǒng)的理論性研究、機(jī)制建設(shè)、人才與資金的投入及相關(guān)立法層面上和發(fā)達(dá)國家還存在著一定差距。所以，本文旨在通過對外交保護(hù)制度的概念、性質(zhì)、實(shí)施條件、國際一般作法等一系列問題的研究，并結(jié)合我國實(shí)際指出當(dāng)前我國外交保護(hù)存在的不足，最終提出有益于我國外交保護(hù)制度進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的對策建議。 本文運(yùn)用了對比分析、歸納總結(jié)等多種方法，對我國的外交保護(hù)制度進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的分析與研究，分為四章： 第一章主要是對外交保護(hù)法律制度的基本概述。其中首先對國際上多種不同的定義分別進(jìn)行了闡述，并逐一分析了各個定義的特點(diǎn)，從而總結(jié)出了比較完善的外交保護(hù)制度的概念；第二節(jié)則是對外交保護(hù)性質(zhì)的闡述，針對國際上關(guān)于其屬于國家權(quán)利還是個人權(quán)利的爭論進(jìn)行了詳盡分析；第三節(jié)是針對外交保護(hù)制度關(guān)于國籍持續(xù)、實(shí)際損害、用盡當(dāng)?shù)鼐葷?jì)三大原則的分析，并得出了外交保護(hù)實(shí)施的條件及前提；第四節(jié)則主要將其與領(lǐng)事保護(hù)法律制度進(jìn)行了對比研究。 第二章主要是對我國外交保護(hù)制度的詳細(xì)闡述和分析。第一節(jié)通過對我國外交保護(hù)歷史與現(xiàn)狀的闡述，透視出了我國外交保護(hù)的發(fā)展從無到有、從消極應(yīng)對到積極實(shí)施的曲折過程；第二節(jié)中通過對我國行使外交保護(hù)的機(jī)關(guān)、關(guān)于國籍以及外國人待遇之規(guī)定的概述中得出我國對外交保護(hù)制度的積極、肯定之態(tài)度；第三節(jié)則重點(diǎn)闡明了加強(qiáng)研究我國的外交保護(hù)制度對維護(hù)我國公民法人之合法權(quán)益、踐行“以人為本”“外交為民”的執(zhí)政理念、實(shí)現(xiàn)“和諧世界”的遠(yuǎn)大目標(biāo)都具有極其重要的意義。 第三章著重分析了我國外交保護(hù)制度的不足之處以及造成這種局面的主要原因。其中前三節(jié)分別從系統(tǒng)性研究、法律保障、相應(yīng)的外交保護(hù)機(jī)制三方面指出了我國當(dāng)前外交保護(hù)制度的不健全；第四節(jié)則主要分析了造成這種不健全的原因：經(jīng)費(fèi)的不足與人才的匱乏、境外權(quán)益保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)缺乏有效分工與協(xié)作、領(lǐng)事保護(hù)工作薄弱以及外交保護(hù)的范圍有限，對這些原因的分析為給我國當(dāng)前的外交保護(hù)提出切實(shí)可行之策指明了正確的方向。 第四章則是結(jié)合國際法上關(guān)于和平解決國際爭端的原則、行使外交保護(hù)的一般方式以及我國的實(shí)際國情對我國的外交保護(hù)制度提出的建議與對策。第一節(jié)從武力實(shí)施外交保護(hù)的違法性與外交保護(hù)的和平方式兩方面對國際法上外交保護(hù)的實(shí)施程序進(jìn)行了研究，進(jìn)而在第二節(jié)闡述了外交保護(hù)實(shí)施的一般方式包括：提供幫助和協(xié)助、提出交涉、提出抗議、仲裁或訴訟。由此，最后一節(jié)是筆者在前述基礎(chǔ)之上提出的對于我國外交保護(hù)制度的對策和建議：加強(qiáng)與外交保護(hù)相關(guān)的立法工作、建立健全外交保護(hù)各項(xiàng)預(yù)警和應(yīng)急機(jī)制、加大外交保護(hù)的理論研究與投入、積極開展國際合作建立有效的雙邊或多邊保護(hù)機(jī)制、充分發(fā)揮領(lǐng)事保護(hù)的作用、適度承認(rèn)雙重或多重國籍。
[Abstract]:Diplomatic protection is a traditional and complicated legal system in international law. It is an important means to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of citizens and legal persons abroad. With the development of economic globalization, since the reform and opening-up of our country, the number of enterprises and individuals emerging from the reform and opening-up has been rising, and the accompanying incidents of Chinese citizens and legal persons abroad are increasing. Despite the positive response of our country, we have taken various measures to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of overseas citizens and legal persons and gradually improve the diplomatic protection system, but we can see that there are still many shortcomings and shortcomings in our country's research and implementation of diplomatic protection. At the same time, there is a certain gap between the research and mechanism of the system, the input of talents and funds and the relevant legislation level. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study the concept, nature, implementation condition and international general practice of diplomatic protection system, and combine with our country's actual point to point out the deficiency of current diplomatic protection in our country. Finally, some suggestions for further development of China's diplomatic protection system are put forward. This paper applies a variety of methods, such as comparative analysis, inductive summary and so on, to analyze and study the system of diplomatic protection in China. The first chapter is the legal system of diplomatic protection First of all, the definition of international protection is expounded, and the characteristics of each definition are analyzed one by one, so that the concept of perfect diplomatic protection system is summarized, and the second part is diplomatic protection. The article analyses the nature of the dispute about the rights of the State or the individual's rights in the international arena, and the third is the analysis of the principle of continuing, real damage and exhaustion of local remedies against the diplomatic protection system, and concludes the implementation of diplomatic protection. Conditions and premises; Section IV mainly deals with the legal system of consular protection The second chapter mainly deals with the diplomatic protection system in China. The first section analyzes the history and present situation of China's diplomatic protection, and points out that the development of diplomatic protection in China has never reached the tortuous process of positive implementation from passive to positive. This paper points out the positive and positive attitude towards the diplomatic protection system in China's diplomatic protection organs, the provisions on nationality and the treatment of foreigners. Section III focuses on the strengthening of China's diplomatic protection system and safeguarding our country's public The legal rights and interests of civil law people, the practice of 鈥減eople-oriented鈥

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