【摘要】：冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來(lái),世界各個(gè)角落的明暗斗爭(zhēng)都沒(méi)有停止過(guò),許多國(guó)家的人民仍舊生活在水深火熱中,在單方面人道主義干涉的合法化無(wú)法獲得認(rèn)可的情況下,以加拿大為首的西方國(guó)家率先提出了“保護(hù)責(zé)任”這一新的人道主義觀念和政策主張。在第60屆聯(lián)大《2005年世界首腦會(huì)議成果》中,保護(hù)責(zé)任正式得以確立。從此,“保護(hù)責(zé)任”越來(lái)越多地出現(xiàn)在人們的視野中。它強(qiáng)調(diào)國(guó)際社會(huì)依據(jù)《聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章》的規(guī)定,使用非武力措施,幫助保護(hù)人民免遭種族滅絕、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)罪、族裔清洗和危害人類(lèi)罪之害。文章第一部分闡述了敘利亞危機(jī)是國(guó)內(nèi)政治危機(jī),但也受到外部勢(shì)力的干預(yù)。以聯(lián)合國(guó)為代表的國(guó)際社會(huì)為了推動(dòng)危機(jī)解決一直做著不懈努力,但一直沒(méi)有取得實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)展。第二部分介紹了國(guó)際法中保護(hù)責(zé)任的概念及實(shí)踐�！冻晒穼ⅰ氨Ｗo(hù)的責(zé)任”限于使人民免遭種族滅絕、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)罪、族裔清洗和危害人類(lèi)罪四類(lèi)罪行,并將軍事干預(yù)嚴(yán)格限定在《聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章》框架范圍內(nèi),由安理會(huì)授權(quán)進(jìn)行。這說(shuō)明“保護(hù)責(zé)任”突破了不干預(yù)原則的限制。保護(hù)責(zé)任一共經(jīng)過(guò)了三個(gè)發(fā)展階段,分別是不同的時(shí)期,并伴隨著國(guó)際上的實(shí)踐,分別是盧旺達(dá)危機(jī),塞爾維亞危機(jī),蘇丹達(dá)爾富爾危機(jī)以及利比亞危機(jī)。接著講了保護(hù)責(zé)任在敘利亞危機(jī)的最新進(jìn)展。第三部分討論各國(guó)實(shí)施保護(hù)責(zé)任的國(guó)際法依據(jù)以及保護(hù)責(zé)任的存在的困境。保護(hù)責(zé)任是人道主義干預(yù)的更好形式,避免平民免遭傷害,同時(shí)也是集體安全制度的實(shí)踐。但是由于發(fā)展不足,保護(hù)責(zé)任還存在困境。文章最后一部分探討完善保護(hù)責(zé)任的建議,從立法和執(zhí)法方面提出了建議,加快保護(hù)責(zé)任的立法進(jìn)程;完善聯(lián)合國(guó)解決敘利亞危機(jī)的職能。同時(shí)分析了中國(guó)的建議,尊重國(guó)家主權(quán)和不干涉內(nèi)政原則應(yīng)成為保護(hù)責(zé)任的基礎(chǔ),同時(shí)盡可能使用和平方式,慎重行事,逐案處理。經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)踐的發(fā)展,“保護(hù)責(zé)任”已然成為大國(guó)間的“信念共識(shí)”,具備了較為堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。然而對(duì)保護(hù)責(zé)任而言,仍有許多路要走,并將對(duì)未來(lái)的人權(quán)法產(chǎn)生影響。
[Abstract]:Since the end of the cold war, all corners of the world have not stopped fighting between light and darkness. The people of many countries are still living in dire straits, while the legitimization of unilateral humanitarian intervention cannot be recognized. The western countries, led by Canada, put forward the new humanitarian concept and policy of "responsibility to protect". In the 2005 World Summit outcome of the 60 th UN General Assembly, R2P was formally established. Since then, R2P has appeared more and more in people's vision. It emphasizes that the international community, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, uses non-force measures to help protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. The first part expounds that the Syrian crisis is a domestic political crisis, but it is also interfered by external forces. The international community, represented by the United Nations, has been making unremitting efforts to promote a solution to the crisis, but no substantial progress has been made. The second part introduces the concept and practice of the responsibility to protect in international law. The outcome limits the responsibility to protect to four categories of crimes: genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity, Military intervention is strictly within the framework of the UN Charter and authorized by the Security Council. This shows that R2P breaks through the limitation of non-intervention principle. The responsibility to protect has gone through three stages of development, at different times, and with international practice, namely, the crisis in Rwanda, the crisis in Serbia, the crisis in Darfur in Sudan and the crisis in Libya. It goes on to talk about the latest developments in the R2P crisis in Syria. The third part discusses the international law basis of implementing R2P and the dilemma of R2P. R2P is a better form of humanitarian intervention, avoiding civilians from harm, and a practice of collective security. However, due to the lack of development, the responsibility to protect is still difficult. The last part of the article discusses the suggestions of perfecting the responsibility to protect, puts forward some suggestions from the aspects of legislation and law enforcement, speeds up the legislative process of the responsibility to protect, and consummates the function of the United Nations in resolving the crisis in Syria. At the same time, China's proposal that respect for the principles of national sovereignty and non-interference in internal affairs should be the basis of the responsibility to protect, and at the same time using peaceful means as far as possible, acting prudently and dealing with each case on a case-by-case basis, was also analyzed. Through the development of practice, R2P has become the consensus of belief among big countries and has a solid foundation. However, there is still much to be done for R2P and will have an impact on future human rights law.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D815.4;D99

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