【摘要】：轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品是人們通過使用基因增強(qiáng)技術(shù)、改變生物組織的基因從而獲得的產(chǎn)品。受生物科學(xué)技術(shù)水平的限制，科學(xué)界還不能確定轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，各國(guó)關(guān)于轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品的安全性存在激烈爭(zhēng)論。不同國(guó)家基于各自的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益、歷史背景、法律體制等因素，對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品國(guó)際貿(mào)易采取不同的立法模式和管理方法，由此產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品國(guó)際貿(mào)易法律沖突，常常引起轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品國(guó)際貿(mào)易的法律爭(zhēng)端。美歐轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)產(chǎn)品爭(zhēng)端訴WTO案中,專家組和上訴機(jī)構(gòu)傾向于以是否與WTO規(guī)則相一致來確定貿(mào)易措施的正當(dāng)性，這使得轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的法律爭(zhēng)端受到人們更多關(guān)注。 各國(guó)出于保護(hù)自身利益的目的，對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品采取不同的管制措施，主要發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易的法律規(guī)制大體可分為嚴(yán)格、寬松和折中三種類型，分別以歐盟、美國(guó)和日本為代表。在國(guó)際法上，轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品一方面受到世界貿(mào)易組織法律體系下SPS、GATT、TBT等協(xié)議的管制，另一方面也受到多邊環(huán)境條約的規(guī)制。世界貿(mào)易組織法律體系和多邊環(huán)境條約不僅基本原則迥異，具體規(guī)定也存在較大差異：前者對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)沒有過多的規(guī)定；后者兼顧人類健康發(fā)展和生物科技發(fā)展的同時(shí)，對(duì)貿(mào)易的考慮不夠；二者在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估、標(biāo)識(shí)和預(yù)先防范原則等方面也存在較大差異。現(xiàn)階段，，國(guó)際法上還不能斷定WTO規(guī)則和MEAS協(xié)議在規(guī)制轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易時(shí)孰為優(yōu)先，不過，可以采取更多的吸收專家及國(guó)際法院的意見、事前解決、加強(qiáng)交流、建立固定的信息'交流渠道以及簽署相關(guān)議定書的方式，兼顧各方利益以及不同方法各具的優(yōu)勢(shì)選擇適用合適的解決辦法。我國(guó)應(yīng)借鑒國(guó)外先進(jìn)的管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)，既要考慮進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品國(guó)際貿(mào)易，又要在科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上、結(jié)合國(guó)際法的發(fā)展完善我國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品生物安全法律制度，促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品國(guó)際貿(mào)易在我國(guó)的有序發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:Transgenic products are obtained by using gene enhancement technology to change the genes of biological tissues. Limited by the level of biological science and technology, the scientific community has not been able to determine the potential risks of GM products, and there is a heated debate about the safety of GMOs in various countries. Different countries, based on their respective economic interests, historical background, legal system and other factors, adopt different legislative models and management methods for the international trade of genetically modified products, resulting in conflicts of laws in the international trade of genetically modified products. There is often a legal dispute over international trade in genetically modified products. In the American and European dispute over genetically modified Agricultural products v. WTO, panels and appellate bodies tend to determine the legitimacy of trade measures on the basis of whether or not they are consistent with the WTO rules, which makes legal disputes in international trade of genetically modified products receive more attention. For the purpose of protecting their own interests, various countries adopt different regulatory measures on GM products. The main developed countries' legal regulations on trade in GMOs can be roughly divided into three types: strict, loose and eclectic, with the EU, respectively. The United States and Japan are the representatives. In international law, genetically modified products are regulated by SPS,GATT,TBT and other agreements under the WTO legal system on the one hand, and by multilateral environmental treaties on the other. The legal system of the World Trade Organization and the multilateral environmental treaties not only differ greatly in their basic principles, but also in their specific provisions: the former does not have too many provisions on environmental protection, while the latter takes into account the healthy development of human beings and the development of biotechnology. Trade is not considered enough, and there are great differences between them in risk assessment, marking and precautionary principle. At this stage, international law cannot determine which of the WTO rules and the MEAS Agreement should be given priority in regulating trade in genetically modified products. However, more experts and the International Court of Justice can be taken to absorb the opinions of the experts and the International Court of Justice to resolve the matter beforehand and strengthen exchanges. Establish fixed channels of exchange of information and the signing of relevant protocols, taking into account the interests of all parties as well as the advantages of different methods to choose suitable solutions. Our country should draw lessons from the advanced management experience of foreign countries. We should not only consider the international trade of genetically modified products, but also improve the biosafety legal system of transgenic products in our country on the basis of science and the development of international law. To promote the orderly development of international trade in genetically modified products in China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D996.1;D997.1

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