大陸架劃界的國際法原則與實踐
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-28 06:55
【摘要】：大陸架劃界對于海洋大國之一的中國而言極具戰(zhàn)略價值和研究意義。在中國廣闊的海域范圍內(nèi),黃海、東海、南海等海域均存在需與周邊海洋鄰國有待解決的大陸架劃界問題。本文從大陸架劃界的國際法原則這一理論問題入手,試圖通過對該原則的歷史成因和實踐發(fā)展的解析,勾勒出大陸架劃界原則從形成到當前國際法實踐的軌跡,從一系列國際法院和仲裁機構(gòu)審理的大陸架劃界案件中獲取劃界原則的重要價值,以期對中國當前的海域劃界提供些許思路�；谡撐慕Y(jié)構(gòu)完整之需,文中雖述及外大陸架法律制度,但并未具體加以展開論述。本文采用類比和演繹歸納的邏輯方法進行研究,客觀分析關(guān)于大陸架劃界的各個案件,揭示大陸架劃界各個原則的內(nèi)涵和相互之間的關(guān)系,探討各個原則對大陸架劃界的影響。 本文共分為五章。 第一章從大陸架的地理概念和法律制度的發(fā)展入手,借助有關(guān)技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)和圖表,重點分析大陸架制度形成的歷史背景和發(fā)展過程,尤其指出大陸架制度的產(chǎn)生與人類對海洋的認識和開發(fā)技術(shù)的提高密不可分。從《杜魯門宣言》的提出,到1958年《大陸架公約》的出臺,再到1982年《海洋法公約》的妥協(xié)和創(chuàng)新,作者以演繹的方式詳細論述大陸架法律制度形成背后的原動力。此外,在大陸架法律制度的論述中,重點闡述大陸架劃界原則與劃界方法的區(qū)別,認為劃界原則是指能夠且應(yīng)當只能在法的基礎(chǔ)上解決的政治法律問題,而劃界方法是指技術(shù)性的制圖方法和構(gòu)成手段。具體而言,劃界原則對于劃界國家而言具有法律的約束力,其能夠確定、調(diào)整和規(guī)范具體的劃界方法。而劃界方法只能是在劃界原則的框架范圍內(nèi)從技術(shù)的角度實際解決劃界糾紛,其本身不具備任何法律規(guī)范的功能,因此也無從談起劃界國家必須遵循的法律約束力。 第二章具體分析大陸架劃界的自然延伸原則。通過對自然延伸原則概念和淵源的分析,指出自然延伸是國家對大陸架的主權(quán)權(quán)利的根據(jù)。自上世紀70年代后期出現(xiàn)的大量案件和各國的劃界實踐發(fā)展很大程度上確實減弱了自然延伸原則在大陸架劃界活動中的重要性。如在1982年利比亞/突尼斯案中,國際法院認為距離在某些情況下是沿海國的權(quán)利基礎(chǔ),其擺脫了自然延伸是唯一的權(quán)利基礎(chǔ)。國際法院在1985年利比亞/馬耳他案中,正式以距離標準代替自然延伸作為200海里范圍內(nèi)大陸架的權(quán)利基礎(chǔ),并指出200海里以內(nèi)的權(quán)利主張,只能從沿海國海岸量起的距離來決定,與該劃界區(qū)域的地質(zhì)或地貌特征無關(guān)。但是,筆者認為自然延伸原則在大陸架劃界中的地位雖然受到動搖,但其仍然是大陸架劃界中的一個重要原則。自然延伸并沒有被200海里距離所替代,兩者均為大陸架法律概念中的基本要素。 第三章介紹大陸架劃界的等距離原則。文章從等距離的概念和形成入手,結(jié)合習(xí)慣國際法和國家實踐,指出等距離并非習(xí)慣國際法原則。筆者認為,盡管等距離劃界從方法論而言確實不失為解決大陸架劃界問題的一個簡單且行之有效方法,也可以通過在一定條件下的處理來實現(xiàn)公平劃界結(jié)果。但無論大陸架劃界最終采取等距離方法還是其他方法,其都是為了恰當?shù)伢w現(xiàn)每一劃界個案中特定條件下的地理和其他特殊情況,完全是公平原則在大陸架劃界中的體現(xiàn),等距離劃界不可脫離公平原則的指導(dǎo),而公平的本質(zhì)就是首先肯定大陸架自然形成的特征,并確保該等特征和要求在大陸架劃界實踐活動中得以貫徹。任何無視大陸架地理特征等有關(guān)情況而單純追求數(shù)量上平分的劃界,都不是真正的公平劃界。此外,等距離原則從未在國際法發(fā)展過程中真正上升到劃界原則,其僅僅是從屬于公平原則,并且受到公平原則支配的一種具體的劃界規(guī)則或方法。盡管實踐中等距離/特殊情況原則被頻繁適用,但其本身不具有任何法律的強制性,沒有任何特殊的法律地位。這與大陸架劃界中的公平原則,無論是在地位和效力上都是無法相提并論的。 第四章具體討論大陸架劃界的公平原則。文章從公平的內(nèi)涵、國際法院對公平原則的認識過程,指出其是大陸架劃界的基本原則,貫穿于大陸架劃界的全過程,不僅決定了如何甄選具體劃界方法,而且還用以確定衡量劃界結(jié)果的具體標準。公平原則的概念不僅反映在與大陸架劃界有關(guān)的國際公約中,更體現(xiàn)在諸多沿海國家大陸架劃界的實踐中,成為國際法的一部分。不能抽象地解釋公平原則,必須將其與具體的考量因素即“有關(guān)情況”聯(lián)系起來,必須爭取獲得一個公平的劃界結(jié)果。大陸架的劃界問題與復(fù)雜多樣的大陸架特征緊密相連,如相關(guān)海岸、地質(zhì)地貌因素、島嶼和資源平等保護等因素。協(xié)議劃界是維護大陸架劃界公平結(jié)果的首要義務(wù);自然延伸原則體現(xiàn)的是天然的公平;等距離原則實質(zhì)上是確保公平的一種劃界方法;而成比例劃界是保障大陸架劃界公平結(jié)果的具體檢驗手段。 從晚近的國際司法實踐可知,國際法院致力于采取某些措施以建立一些明顯的一致性和強制性,從而使得法律在某些方面具有確定性。就當前的國際法而言,可以說無論是1958年《大陸架公約》第6條的規(guī)定,還是1982年《海洋法公約》第83條的規(guī)定,兩者存在著相當?shù)莫毩⑿?均試圖取代一般調(diào)整大陸架劃界的習(xí)慣國際法原則。在案件中爭議國家究竟是《大陸架公約》還是《海洋法公約》的締約國其實并不重要,因為目前出現(xiàn)了可以撇開公約的一般的或者習(xí)慣國際法的大陸架劃界原則。但從近期國際法院陸續(xù)出具的判決分析來看,國際法院逐漸駕輕就熟地“習(xí)慣”將等距離線作為海岸相向國家之間的臨時分界線,實際上呈現(xiàn)出與《大陸架公約》第6條規(guī)定的相類似的效果。因此,公平原則/有關(guān)情況和等距離/特殊情況原則在實際運用中日漸趨同,自然延伸原則的地位逐漸被弱化并降格為在公平原則下應(yīng)考慮的有關(guān)情況之因素,而等距離中間線則成為公平原則下一種慣用的實踐方法。 隨著海域單一劃界的國際司法實踐的豐富,國際法院日漸傾向于在分析每個案件后先劃出臨時中間線作為劃界的第一步。待中間線劃出之后,法院會結(jié)合相關(guān)情況測試劃界的結(jié)果是否公平,若是公平的,那么該中間線就予以保留;若該結(jié)果并非公平,則法院進行調(diào)整直到法院認為公平結(jié)果為止。調(diào)整的方法可能是中間線朝某一國海岸橫向靠近,降低地質(zhì)構(gòu)造對劃界的效力,或者從一開始就停止中間線的調(diào)整。等距離/特殊情況原則是實現(xiàn)公平劃界的一種具體方法,但都必須符合公平原則的要求,以達到公平目標和結(jié)果。 經(jīng)過40余年和十幾個案件的實踐,國際法院和仲裁庭對大陸架劃界案件中應(yīng)適用的法律原則、劃界方法和應(yīng)考慮的有關(guān)因素范圍的認識已較為穩(wěn)定,但是在具體案件中究竟需要考慮哪些因素以及該等因素可發(fā)揮何等作用仍不明朗。本文結(jié)合1969年之后國際法院和仲裁機構(gòu)審理的一系列大陸架和海域劃界案件,逐一分析大陸架劃界的協(xié)議義務(wù)、自然延伸原則、等距離原則和公平原則。文章重點研究大陸架劃界原則在國際法實踐中的新趨向,總結(jié)認為:當前國際法院在對大陸架劃界案件的審理過程中對自然延伸原則的態(tài)度有所轉(zhuǎn)變,自然延伸原則趨于弱化;等距離/特殊情況原則的國際法理論和實踐不斷豐富,尤其表現(xiàn)為沿岸國家在雙邊劃界協(xié)定中對該原則的適用,以及國際法院和仲裁機構(gòu)日趨成熟的“兩步走”大陸架劃界方法對該原則的肯定;公平/有關(guān)情況原則仍然是整個大陸架劃界的核心,體現(xiàn)于成比例劃界方法的運用;等距離/特殊情況和公平/有關(guān)情況兩大原則呈綜合運用趨向;大陸架和專屬經(jīng)濟區(qū)單一海域劃界趨勢日益明顯。 第五章分別從中國的黃海大陸架劃界、東海大陸架劃界和南海大陸架劃界三個領(lǐng)域研究中國應(yīng)采取的劃界原則。其中,在黃海大陸架與朝鮮、韓國的大陸架劃界應(yīng)側(cè)重主張公平/有關(guān)情況原則,備以沿海國海岸比例為抗衡等距離原則的補充。在東海與日本的大陸架劃界中,應(yīng)堅持自然延伸原則和公平/有關(guān)情況原則,科學(xué)分析沖繩海槽的地貌特征以否定“中日同屬一塊大陸架”之說,否定等距離/特殊情況在東海大陸架上的適用。在肯定釣魚島主權(quán)歸屬中國的前提下,可以嘗試在對等的條件下忽視釣魚島的大陸架劃界效力,以尋求在中日劃界談判中找到突破。但同時積極搜集東海大陸架地質(zhì)地貌資料,配以海岸比例為補充。在南海大陸架問題上,堅持公平/有關(guān)情況原則,集中體現(xiàn)為“九段線”和歷史性權(quán)利的主張,可摒棄自然延伸原則的主張,靈活地將南海島嶼做分類處理,以適應(yīng)不同的劃界效力。筆者不同意在南海海域“擱置爭議、共同開發(fā)”的策略,主張積極強化行政管轄和推進資源勘探開發(fā)活動,并以軍事力量的發(fā)展為必要保障。
[Abstract]:The delimitation of the continental shelf is of great strategic value and research significance to China, one of the great oceanic powers. Within China's vast sea area, there are problems of delimitation of the continental shelf that need to be solved with neighboring maritime countries in the Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. Through the analysis of the historical causes and practical development of the principle, this paper outlines the track of the principle of delimitation of the continental shelf from its formation to the current practice of international law, and obtains the important value of the principle of delimitation from a series of cases of delimitation of the continental shelf tried by the International Court of Justice and arbitral organs, with a view to providing some ideas for the delimitation of China's current maritime areas. Although the legal system of the outer continental shelf is mentioned in this paper, it is not discussed in detail. This paper adopts the logical method of analogy and deduction to study, objectively analyzes various cases concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf, reveals the connotation and relationship of the principles of the delimitation of the continental shelf, and discusses the magnitude of each principle. The influence of continental delimitation.
This article is divided into five chapters.
Chapter One begins with the development of the geographical concepts and legal systems of the continental shelf, and with the help of relevant technical data and charts, focuses on the analysis of the historical background and development process of the formation of the continental shelf system. It is especially pointed out that the emergence of the continental shelf system is inseparable from the improvement of human understanding of the oceans and the development of technology. From the proposal of the Truman Declaration to the first chapter, the After the promulgation of the Convention on the Continental Shelf in 1958 and the compromise and innovation of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea, the author elaborates in a deductive way the motive force behind the formation of the legal system of the continental shelf. The delimitation method refers to the technical cartographic method and constitutive means. Specifically, the delimitation principle is legally binding for the delimiting state, which can determine, adjust and regulate the specific delimitation method. It is impossible to talk about the legal binding force that a demarcating country must follow in resolving the demarcation disputes from the technical point of view.
Chapter two analyzes the principle of natural extension of continental shelf delimitation in detail. By analyzing the concept and origin of the principle of natural extension, it is pointed out that natural extension is the basis of the sovereign rights of the state over the continental shelf. For example, in the Libya/Tunisia case of 1982, the International Court of Justice held that distance was in some cases the basis of the rights of coastal States and that freedom from natural extension was the sole basis of rights. In the Libya/Malta case of 1985, the International Court of Justice formally replaced natural extension by distance as 200 nautical seas. It is pointed out that the claim within 200 nautical miles of the continental shelf can only be determined by the distance measured from the coast of the coastal state and has nothing to do with the geological or geomorphological characteristics of the demarcation area. An important principle. Natural extension is not replaced by 200 nautical miles. Both are essential elements of the legal concept of the continental shelf.
The third chapter introduces the principle of equidistance in the delimitation of continental shelf.Starting with the concept and formation of equidistance and combining with customary international law and state practice,the article points out that equidistance is not the principle of customary international law.The author thinks that although equidistance delimitation is a simple and effective way to solve the problem of delimitation of continental shelf from a methodological point of view. Law can also achieve fair delimitation results by dealing with certain conditions. However, whether the continental shelf delimitation ultimately adopts the method of equidistance or other methods, it is to properly reflect the geographical and other special conditions in each delimitation case under specific conditions, is the embodiment of the principle of fairness in the delimitation of the continental shelf, equidistance. Delimitation can not be separated from the guidance of the principle of fairness, and the essence of fairness is to affirm the characteristics of the natural formation of the continental shelf and to ensure that these characteristics and requirements are implemented in the practice of delimitation of the continental shelf. In addition, the principle of equidistance has never really risen to the principle of delimitation in the course of the development of international law. It is only a specific delimitation rule or method that is subordinate to the principle of fairness and is governed by the principle of fairness. Although the principle of equidistance/special circumstances is frequently applied in practice, it does not have any legal compulsory nature in itself. There is no special legal status. This is incomparable with the principle of fairness in the delimitation of the continental shelf, in terms of status and effectiveness.
Chapter Four discusses the principle of fairness in the delimitation of the continental shelf. From the connotation of fairness and the understanding process of the International Court of Justice on the principle of fairness, the article points out that it is the basic principle of the delimitation of the continental shelf, which runs through the whole process of the delimitation of the continental shelf. It not only determines how to select the specific delimitation method, but also determines the specific criteria The concept of the principle of fairness is not only reflected in the international conventions relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf, but also embodied in the practice of delimitation of the continental shelf of many coastal States and becomes part of international law. The principle of fairness can not be interpreted abstractly. It must be linked to the specific considerations, i.e.'relevant circumstances', and must be sought to obtain one. The delimitation of the continental shelf is closely related to the complex and diverse characteristics of the continental shelf, such as coastal, geological and geomorphological factors, equal protection of islands and resources, etc. It is a demarcation method to ensure fairness, and proportional demarcation is a concrete test method to ensure the fair result of the delimitation of continental shelf.
In recent international judicial practice, the International Court of Justice is committed to taking certain measures to establish some obvious consistency and mandatory nature, so that the law is certain in certain aspects. As far as current international law is concerned, it can be said that whether it is Article 6 of the 1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf or Article 83 of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea It is not important whether a disputed State is a party to the Convention on the Continental Shelf or to the Convention on the Law of the Sea, since there is now a delimitation of the continental shelf that can be set aside from the Convention in general or customary international law. However, judgments and analyses issued by the International Court of Justice in recent years show that the Court of Justice has gradually used the equidistant line as a temporary boundary between coastal states, which is similar to that stipulated in Article 6 of the Convention on the Continental Shelf. The principle of natural extension is gradually weakened and degraded into a factor that should be considered under the principle of fairness, while the equidistant middle line is a common practice method under the principle of fairness.
With the enrichment of international judicial practice on the single delimitation of maritime areas, the International Court of Justice is increasingly inclined to draw a provisional middle line as the first step in delimitation after analyzing each case. If the result is not fair, the court may adjust until the court considers that the result is fair. The adjustment may be made by approaching the middle line horizontally towards the coast of a certain country, reducing the effectiveness of the geological structure in delimiting the boundary, or by stopping the adjustment of the middle line from the beginning. The principle of equidistance/special circumstances is a specific method for achieving equitable delimitation, but All must meet the requirements of the principle of fairness so as to achieve fair goals and results.
After more than 40 years and more than a dozen cases of practice, the International Court of Justice and the arbitral tribunal's understanding of the applicable legal principles, demarcation methods and the scope of the relevant factors to be considered in the case of delimitation of the continental shelf has been relatively stable, but it is still unclear what factors should be considered in the specific case and what role these factors can play. Based on a series of cases of delimitation of continental shelf and sea area adjudicated by the International Court of Justice and arbitral organs after 1969, this paper analyzes the obligations of agreement on delimitation of continental shelf, the principle of natural extension, the principle of equidistance and the principle of fairness one by one. Attitudes towards the principle of natural extension have changed during the delimitation of continental shelf cases, and the principle of natural extension tends to be weakened; theories and practices of international law on the principle of equidistance/special circumstances have been enriched, especially in the application of the principle by coastal States in bilateral delimitation agreements, and the increasing maturity of the International Court of Justice and arbitration institutions. The principle of "two-step" continental shelf delimitation is affirmed; the principle of fairness/relevant circumstances remains the core of the whole continental shelf delimitation, which is embodied in the application of proportional delimitation; the two principles of equidistance/special circumstances and fairness/related circumstances show a trend of comprehensive application; the trend of delimitation of the single sea area on the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone. Increasingly obvious.
The fifth chapter studies the demarcation principles that China should adopt in three areas: the demarcation of the Yellow Sea continental shelf in China, the demarcation of the East China Sea continental shelf and the demarcation of the South China Sea continental shelf. In the delimitation of the continental shelf between the East China Sea and Japan, we should adhere to the principles of natural extension and fairness/relevant conditions, scientifically analyze the geomorphological features of the Okinawa Trough so as to negate the theory that China and Japan belong to the same continental shelf, and negate the application of equidistant/special circumstances on the continental shelf of the East China Sea. We can try to ignore the effectiveness of the delimitation of the continental shelf of the Diaoyu Islands under the same conditions so as to find a breakthrough in the delimitation negotiations between China and Japan. At the same time, we can actively collect the geological and geomorphological data of the continental shelf of the East China Sea, supplemented by the coastal proportion. The author disagrees with the strategy of "putting aside disputes and jointly exploiting" in the South China Sea, advocating actively strengthening administrative jurisdiction and promoting resource exploration and development activities, and taking the development of military forces as a necessity. Guarantee.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D993.5
本文編號：2208627
[Abstract]:The delimitation of the continental shelf is of great strategic value and research significance to China, one of the great oceanic powers. Within China's vast sea area, there are problems of delimitation of the continental shelf that need to be solved with neighboring maritime countries in the Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. Through the analysis of the historical causes and practical development of the principle, this paper outlines the track of the principle of delimitation of the continental shelf from its formation to the current practice of international law, and obtains the important value of the principle of delimitation from a series of cases of delimitation of the continental shelf tried by the International Court of Justice and arbitral organs, with a view to providing some ideas for the delimitation of China's current maritime areas. Although the legal system of the outer continental shelf is mentioned in this paper, it is not discussed in detail. This paper adopts the logical method of analogy and deduction to study, objectively analyzes various cases concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf, reveals the connotation and relationship of the principles of the delimitation of the continental shelf, and discusses the magnitude of each principle. The influence of continental delimitation.
This article is divided into five chapters.
Chapter One begins with the development of the geographical concepts and legal systems of the continental shelf, and with the help of relevant technical data and charts, focuses on the analysis of the historical background and development process of the formation of the continental shelf system. It is especially pointed out that the emergence of the continental shelf system is inseparable from the improvement of human understanding of the oceans and the development of technology. From the proposal of the Truman Declaration to the first chapter, the After the promulgation of the Convention on the Continental Shelf in 1958 and the compromise and innovation of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea, the author elaborates in a deductive way the motive force behind the formation of the legal system of the continental shelf. The delimitation method refers to the technical cartographic method and constitutive means. Specifically, the delimitation principle is legally binding for the delimiting state, which can determine, adjust and regulate the specific delimitation method. It is impossible to talk about the legal binding force that a demarcating country must follow in resolving the demarcation disputes from the technical point of view.
Chapter two analyzes the principle of natural extension of continental shelf delimitation in detail. By analyzing the concept and origin of the principle of natural extension, it is pointed out that natural extension is the basis of the sovereign rights of the state over the continental shelf. For example, in the Libya/Tunisia case of 1982, the International Court of Justice held that distance was in some cases the basis of the rights of coastal States and that freedom from natural extension was the sole basis of rights. In the Libya/Malta case of 1985, the International Court of Justice formally replaced natural extension by distance as 200 nautical seas. It is pointed out that the claim within 200 nautical miles of the continental shelf can only be determined by the distance measured from the coast of the coastal state and has nothing to do with the geological or geomorphological characteristics of the demarcation area. An important principle. Natural extension is not replaced by 200 nautical miles. Both are essential elements of the legal concept of the continental shelf.
The third chapter introduces the principle of equidistance in the delimitation of continental shelf.Starting with the concept and formation of equidistance and combining with customary international law and state practice,the article points out that equidistance is not the principle of customary international law.The author thinks that although equidistance delimitation is a simple and effective way to solve the problem of delimitation of continental shelf from a methodological point of view. Law can also achieve fair delimitation results by dealing with certain conditions. However, whether the continental shelf delimitation ultimately adopts the method of equidistance or other methods, it is to properly reflect the geographical and other special conditions in each delimitation case under specific conditions, is the embodiment of the principle of fairness in the delimitation of the continental shelf, equidistance. Delimitation can not be separated from the guidance of the principle of fairness, and the essence of fairness is to affirm the characteristics of the natural formation of the continental shelf and to ensure that these characteristics and requirements are implemented in the practice of delimitation of the continental shelf. In addition, the principle of equidistance has never really risen to the principle of delimitation in the course of the development of international law. It is only a specific delimitation rule or method that is subordinate to the principle of fairness and is governed by the principle of fairness. Although the principle of equidistance/special circumstances is frequently applied in practice, it does not have any legal compulsory nature in itself. There is no special legal status. This is incomparable with the principle of fairness in the delimitation of the continental shelf, in terms of status and effectiveness.
Chapter Four discusses the principle of fairness in the delimitation of the continental shelf. From the connotation of fairness and the understanding process of the International Court of Justice on the principle of fairness, the article points out that it is the basic principle of the delimitation of the continental shelf, which runs through the whole process of the delimitation of the continental shelf. It not only determines how to select the specific delimitation method, but also determines the specific criteria The concept of the principle of fairness is not only reflected in the international conventions relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf, but also embodied in the practice of delimitation of the continental shelf of many coastal States and becomes part of international law. The principle of fairness can not be interpreted abstractly. It must be linked to the specific considerations, i.e.'relevant circumstances', and must be sought to obtain one. The delimitation of the continental shelf is closely related to the complex and diverse characteristics of the continental shelf, such as coastal, geological and geomorphological factors, equal protection of islands and resources, etc. It is a demarcation method to ensure fairness, and proportional demarcation is a concrete test method to ensure the fair result of the delimitation of continental shelf.
In recent international judicial practice, the International Court of Justice is committed to taking certain measures to establish some obvious consistency and mandatory nature, so that the law is certain in certain aspects. As far as current international law is concerned, it can be said that whether it is Article 6 of the 1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf or Article 83 of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea It is not important whether a disputed State is a party to the Convention on the Continental Shelf or to the Convention on the Law of the Sea, since there is now a delimitation of the continental shelf that can be set aside from the Convention in general or customary international law. However, judgments and analyses issued by the International Court of Justice in recent years show that the Court of Justice has gradually used the equidistant line as a temporary boundary between coastal states, which is similar to that stipulated in Article 6 of the Convention on the Continental Shelf. The principle of natural extension is gradually weakened and degraded into a factor that should be considered under the principle of fairness, while the equidistant middle line is a common practice method under the principle of fairness.
With the enrichment of international judicial practice on the single delimitation of maritime areas, the International Court of Justice is increasingly inclined to draw a provisional middle line as the first step in delimitation after analyzing each case. If the result is not fair, the court may adjust until the court considers that the result is fair. The adjustment may be made by approaching the middle line horizontally towards the coast of a certain country, reducing the effectiveness of the geological structure in delimiting the boundary, or by stopping the adjustment of the middle line from the beginning. The principle of equidistance/special circumstances is a specific method for achieving equitable delimitation, but All must meet the requirements of the principle of fairness so as to achieve fair goals and results.
After more than 40 years and more than a dozen cases of practice, the International Court of Justice and the arbitral tribunal's understanding of the applicable legal principles, demarcation methods and the scope of the relevant factors to be considered in the case of delimitation of the continental shelf has been relatively stable, but it is still unclear what factors should be considered in the specific case and what role these factors can play. Based on a series of cases of delimitation of continental shelf and sea area adjudicated by the International Court of Justice and arbitral organs after 1969, this paper analyzes the obligations of agreement on delimitation of continental shelf, the principle of natural extension, the principle of equidistance and the principle of fairness one by one. Attitudes towards the principle of natural extension have changed during the delimitation of continental shelf cases, and the principle of natural extension tends to be weakened; theories and practices of international law on the principle of equidistance/special circumstances have been enriched, especially in the application of the principle by coastal States in bilateral delimitation agreements, and the increasing maturity of the International Court of Justice and arbitration institutions. The principle of "two-step" continental shelf delimitation is affirmed; the principle of fairness/relevant circumstances remains the core of the whole continental shelf delimitation, which is embodied in the application of proportional delimitation; the two principles of equidistance/special circumstances and fairness/related circumstances show a trend of comprehensive application; the trend of delimitation of the single sea area on the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone. Increasingly obvious.
The fifth chapter studies the demarcation principles that China should adopt in three areas: the demarcation of the Yellow Sea continental shelf in China, the demarcation of the East China Sea continental shelf and the demarcation of the South China Sea continental shelf. In the delimitation of the continental shelf between the East China Sea and Japan, we should adhere to the principles of natural extension and fairness/relevant conditions, scientifically analyze the geomorphological features of the Okinawa Trough so as to negate the theory that China and Japan belong to the same continental shelf, and negate the application of equidistant/special circumstances on the continental shelf of the East China Sea. We can try to ignore the effectiveness of the delimitation of the continental shelf of the Diaoyu Islands under the same conditions so as to find a breakthrough in the delimitation negotiations between China and Japan. At the same time, we can actively collect the geological and geomorphological data of the continental shelf of the East China Sea, supplemented by the coastal proportion. The author disagrees with the strategy of "putting aside disputes and jointly exploiting" in the South China Sea, advocating actively strengthening administrative jurisdiction and promoting resource exploration and development activities, and taking the development of military forces as a necessity. Guarantee.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D993.5
【引證文獻】
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條
1 李永妮;中日東海大陸架爭端解決法律對策研究[D];新疆大學(xué);2013年
2 郭振華;波斯灣地區(qū)海洋開發(fā)與海洋爭端問題研究[D];鄭州大學(xué);2013年
3 羅蛟;影響國際法院的政治因素研究[D];云南民族大學(xué);2013年
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