【摘要】：法律秩序的穩(wěn)定性與適應(yīng)實踐發(fā)展的變革性之間始終伴隨著每一種法律制度的演進(jìn)歷程。海洋法公約確立的海洋秩序為國家確立自身的海洋邊界和權(quán)利提供了穩(wěn)定的框架,但在確立海洋邊界和權(quán)利之后,各國發(fā)現(xiàn),公海在某種形式上正處于國家權(quán)力真空的狀態(tài)。在恰此時,公海環(huán)境和生物多樣性面臨著嚴(yán)重危機(jī),經(jīng)國內(nèi)實踐證明行之有效的海洋保護(hù)區(qū)適用于公�？梢杂行Ы鉀Q公海的環(huán)境困局,公海保護(hù)區(qū)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。公海保護(hù)區(qū)在保護(hù)公海環(huán)境和生物多樣性的正義訴求下,滿足了國家向公海擴(kuò)張國家權(quán)力的愿望,受到廣大沿海國、特別是海洋大國的歡迎。公海保護(hù)區(qū)不僅是在公海選定的特定海域,也是保護(hù)公海環(huán)境和海洋生物多樣性的有效工具,更是系統(tǒng)性的法律機(jī)制構(gòu)成,故公海保護(hù)區(qū)相關(guān)法律機(jī)制的建立和完善是公海保護(hù)區(qū)順利發(fā)展的國際法保障。鑒于此,對公海保護(hù)區(qū)的法律機(jī)制展開國際法研究就很有必要。就公海保護(hù)區(qū)的法律機(jī)制而言,包括三個組成部分:建立機(jī)制、管理機(jī)制和執(zhí)行機(jī)制。公海保護(hù)區(qū)的建立機(jī)制是公海保護(hù)區(qū)法律機(jī)制的基礎(chǔ)。目前的國際實踐顯示,公海保護(hù)區(qū)主要通過國家單獨(dú)或合作建立公海保護(hù)區(qū)、國際組織通過決議建立公海保護(hù)區(qū)和國家提案經(jīng)國際組織批準(zhǔn)建立公海保護(hù)區(qū)等方式建立。公海保護(hù)區(qū)能夠使國家在公海享有某種程度的國家管轄權(quán),間接增進(jìn)了沿海國的國家利益,故需要在建立環(huán)節(jié)規(guī)范國家的權(quán)力沖動,為此需要國家之間在合作中實現(xiàn)權(quán)力均衡,其實現(xiàn)方式就是國家與國際組織之間的良好互動。公海保護(hù)區(qū)的管理是一項復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)性工程。國家借助公海保護(hù)區(qū)制度增進(jìn)國家利益是通過對公海保護(hù)區(qū)的管理來實現(xiàn)的。在實踐中,公海保護(hù)區(qū)或由建立者管理,或由建立者與外部參與者協(xié)同管理,或由建立者與利益相關(guān)者綜合管理。無論建立者是國家,還是國際組織,國家都可以通過各種方式對公海保護(hù)區(qū)的管理施加影響。鑒于此,公海保護(hù)區(qū)的管理采用綜合管理的機(jī)制就很有必要,不僅能夠充分調(diào)動國際社會的民間力量,還能緩和各國競相追逐管理權(quán)力帶來的沖突。公海保護(hù)區(qū)的執(zhí)行機(jī)制是公海保護(hù)區(qū)法律機(jī)制的保障。為了確保公海保護(hù)區(qū)不至成為"紙上公園",需要充分發(fā)揮和改進(jìn)傳統(tǒng)的船旗國執(zhí)行的方式,完善成員國對成員國的執(zhí)行機(jī)制,確立成員國對非成員國的執(zhí)行機(jī)制。唯有如此,公海保護(hù)區(qū)才能向更廣闊的公海水域推進(jìn)。公海保護(hù)區(qū)法律機(jī)制的發(fā)展將給中國帶來極大的挑戰(zhàn),包括利益、能力、法律等方面。針對公海保護(hù)區(qū)的實踐與理論發(fā)展及其對中國的影響,中國應(yīng)當(dāng)密切關(guān)注,加強(qiáng)研究;完善國內(nèi)實踐的同時積極參與國際實踐,并切實重視公海保護(hù)區(qū)可能對現(xiàn)行海洋法秩序帶來的變革,以抓住機(jī)遇,維護(hù)中國的國家利益。
[Abstract]:Between the stability of legal order and the transformative nature of adapting to the development of practice, the evolution of each kind of legal system has always been accompanied. The maritime order established by UNCLOS provides a stable framework for States to establish their own maritime boundaries and rights. However, after the establishment of maritime boundaries and rights, States find that the high seas are in a state of state power vacuum in some form. At the same time, the environment and biodiversity of the high seas are facing a serious crisis. The marine protected areas proved to be effective in domestic practice can effectively solve the environmental difficulties of the high seas, and the protected areas of the high seas emerge as the times require. Under the just demand of protecting the high seas environment and biodiversity, the high seas protected areas satisfy the state's desire to expand the state power to the high seas, and are welcomed by the vast number of coastal states, especially the large marine countries. High seas protected areas are not only specific areas selected on the high seas, but also an effective tool for the protection of the high seas environment and marine biodiversity, and constitute a systematic legal regime, Therefore, the establishment and perfection of the relevant legal mechanism is the international law guarantee for the smooth development of the high seas protected areas. In view of this, it is necessary to study the legal mechanism of high seas protected areas in international law. As far as the legal regime of high seas protected areas is concerned, there are three components: establishment mechanism, management mechanism and enforcement mechanism. The establishment mechanism of the high seas protected area is the foundation of the legal mechanism of the high seas protected area. The current international practice shows that the high seas protected areas are mainly established by the individual or cooperative establishment of the high seas protected areas by national organizations through the resolution to establish the high seas protected areas and by the approval of international organizations to establish the high seas protected areas. Protected areas on the high seas enable States to enjoy a certain degree of national jurisdiction on the high seas, indirectly enhancing the national interests of coastal States and, therefore, the need to regulate the impulse of power of States in the process of establishing them, which requires a balance of power among States in cooperation, Its realization way is the good interaction between the country and the international organization. The management of high seas protected area is a complicated systematic project. The high-seas protected area system is used by the state to promote the national interests through the management of the high-seas protected area. In practice, the high seas protected areas are either managed by the founder, by the founder in collaboration with external participants, or by the builder and the stakeholders in a comprehensive manner. Whether the founder is a State or an international organization, States can influence the management of high seas protected areas in various ways. In view of this, it is necessary for the management of high seas protected areas to adopt the mechanism of integrated management, which can not only fully mobilize the folk forces of the international community, but also alleviate the conflicts caused by the competing pursuit of management power by various countries. The enforcement mechanism of the high seas protected areas is the guarantee of the legal mechanism of the high seas protected areas. In order to ensure that the high seas protected area does not become a "paper park", it is necessary to give full play to and improve the traditional way of flag state enforcement, perfect the enforcement mechanism of member States to member States, and establish the enforcement mechanism of member States against non-member States. Only in this way can the protected areas of the high seas advance into the wider waters of the high seas. The development of the legal mechanism of high seas protected areas will bring great challenges to China, including benefits, capabilities, laws and so on. In view of the practice and theoretical development of protected areas on the high seas and its impact on China, China should pay close attention to it, strengthen its research, improve its domestic practice and actively participate in international practice, In order to seize the opportunity and safeguard China's national interests, we should attach importance to the changes that may be brought about by the protected areas on the high seas to the current law of the sea order.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江工商大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D993.5

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