本文選題：庇護(hù) + 政治難民　； 參考：《華東政法大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：庇護(hù)制度是一項(xiàng)古老的法律制度，在近千年的歷史發(fā)展過(guò)程中經(jīng)久不衰。它萌芽于人類崇拜神靈的迷信思想；發(fā)展于中世紀(jì)基督教勢(shì)力的增長(zhǎng)；成熟于民族國(guó)家產(chǎn)生后的外交實(shí)踐；成名于法國(guó)、美國(guó)大革命后對(duì)政治犯和尋求自由者的保護(hù)；轉(zhuǎn)型于世界大戰(zhàn)后難民潮和關(guān)閉邊境制度的客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)；最終融于當(dāng)代人權(quán)保護(hù)理念和實(shí)踐而重獲新生。庇護(hù)制度從古至今不斷發(fā)展，經(jīng)歷了無(wú)數(shù)的政治制度變遷、見證了人類發(fā)展的歷程。庇護(hù)制度總是能同所處歷史階段的時(shí)代特點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生結(jié)合，不斷地發(fā)展壯大。庇護(hù)制度同當(dāng)代人權(quán)保護(hù)和難民保護(hù)制度的結(jié)合再次賦予了庇護(hù)制度新的活力，在新的時(shí)代背景下其將繼續(xù)發(fā)揮重要的作用。 庇護(hù)從產(chǎn)生的第一天起，就同權(quán)力、宗教、利益、人權(quán)產(chǎn)生了糾纏不清的復(fù)雜關(guān)系。作為法律概念的庇護(hù)更是充滿了誤解、模糊和神秘。本文的主要目的就是通過(guò)梳理庇護(hù)發(fā)展的歷史脈絡(luò)，明確不同庇護(hù)發(fā)展的不同階段的特點(diǎn)，確定當(dāng)代庇護(hù)的法律概念；通過(guò)明確國(guó)家在庇護(hù)制度方面承擔(dān)的國(guó)際人權(quán)法和難民法義務(wù)，確定庇護(hù)制度同國(guó)際法的關(guān)系；從國(guó)家所承擔(dān)國(guó)際法義務(wù)的角度分析個(gè)人所享有的庇護(hù)權(quán)利以及取得庇護(hù)的條件。最后，本文的研究還是要回歸到中國(guó)問(wèn)題，中國(guó)作為發(fā)展中的世界大國(guó)必須重視難民庇護(hù)問(wèn)題。庇護(hù)問(wèn)題是當(dāng)代人權(quán)保護(hù)的重要一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，是中國(guó)真正崛起前必經(jīng)正視、必須解決的重大國(guó)際法問(wèn)題。全文共分五章，字符數(shù)共計(jì)約二十萬(wàn)。涵蓋了庇護(hù)發(fā)展的歷史、庇護(hù)的對(duì)象、庇護(hù)實(shí)施的條件、受庇護(hù)者的權(quán)利等重要問(wèn)題。 導(dǎo)言部分，本文首先介紹了聯(lián)合國(guó)難民署關(guān)于當(dāng)代全球庇護(hù)實(shí)踐的報(bào)告，其中包括了世界40多個(gè)主要庇護(hù)國(guó)家近兩年接受庇護(hù)人數(shù)的最新數(shù)量。從目前庇護(hù)制度保護(hù)的巨量人數(shù)，直觀地說(shuō)明了庇護(hù)制度在當(dāng)今國(guó)際法制度中的重要程度。隨后筆者列舉分析了文章寫作前及寫作過(guò)程中收集、掌握的文獻(xiàn)資料�？傮w上講，國(guó)外學(xué)者關(guān)于庇護(hù)問(wèn)題的研究比國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者起步早、范圍廣、程度深。國(guó)外學(xué)者在庇護(hù)制度的基本問(wèn)題層面已經(jīng)不存在大的爭(zhēng)議和沖突，大量的文獻(xiàn)資料能夠反映出觀點(diǎn)上的一致性。他們的研究重點(diǎn)已經(jīng)深入到更深的理論層次或者更細(xì)致的制度層面。反觀我國(guó)學(xué)界，總體上而言尚未產(chǎn)生對(duì)庇護(hù)問(wèn)題的研究熱情。庇護(hù)的歷史、庇護(hù)的概念、庇護(hù)實(shí)施條件、保護(hù)對(duì)象等基本問(wèn)題都沒(méi)有解決，都處于模糊的認(rèn)識(shí)階段。解決庇護(hù)制度的基本問(wèn)題也就成了本文寫作的重要目標(biāo)。文章主要采用文本研究、歷史分析、比較分析、案例分析、圖表分析等研究方法。 文章第一章是關(guān)于庇護(hù)的概念和保護(hù)對(duì)象等基本問(wèn)題的概述。從庇護(hù)的歷史、庇護(hù)的概念、庇護(hù)的保護(hù)對(duì)象、庇護(hù)與人權(quán)和主權(quán)的關(guān)系等方面展開的論述。首先，本章重述了從古希臘、古羅馬時(shí)期到基督教中世紀(jì)，再到民族國(guó)家產(chǎn)生，再到兩次世界大戰(zhàn)等歷史時(shí)期庇護(hù)制度發(fā)展的歷史，對(duì)這些歷史特點(diǎn)的了解有助于加深對(duì)當(dāng)代庇護(hù)制度的正確認(rèn)識(shí)。本章簡(jiǎn)要闡述了庇護(hù)的兩種表現(xiàn)形式：領(lǐng)土庇護(hù)和外交庇護(hù)。當(dāng)代國(guó)際法所承認(rèn)和認(rèn)可的、各國(guó)實(shí)踐最長(zhǎng)實(shí)施的是領(lǐng)土庇護(hù)，因此本文的主要研究對(duì)象是領(lǐng)土庇護(hù)，而非外交庇護(hù)。外交庇護(hù)在整體上為當(dāng)代國(guó)際法所禁止，其僅在拉丁美洲有限的范圍內(nèi)根據(jù)區(qū)域性條約有法律效力。其次，本章重點(diǎn)論述了庇護(hù)制度的保護(hù)對(duì)象問(wèn)題。國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者傾向于認(rèn)同庇護(hù)的對(duì)象為政治犯，而非政治難民。本章從政治犯受保護(hù)的歷史角度展開論述，證明政治犯作為庇護(hù)的對(duì)象僅僅是法國(guó)大革命后一階段歷史時(shí)期的特點(diǎn)，如今已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了變化。無(wú)論是國(guó)際組織實(shí)踐還是各國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)立法、司法的實(shí)踐均表明，當(dāng)代庇護(hù)制度的保護(hù)對(duì)象已經(jīng)擴(kuò)展到政治難民。政治犯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已經(jīng)被當(dāng)代的受迫害標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所代替。最后，本章討論了庇護(hù)制度同國(guó)家主權(quán)、人權(quán)保護(hù)之間的關(guān)系。當(dāng)代庇護(hù)權(quán)有兩層含義，恰好同主權(quán)和人權(quán)保護(hù)一一對(duì)應(yīng)。庇護(hù)權(quán)首先屬于施加庇護(hù)的國(guó)家，是國(guó)家主權(quán)的一部分。國(guó)家有權(quán)根據(jù)國(guó)際法確定的主權(quán)獨(dú)立原則，自由裁量是否授予某人以庇護(hù)。國(guó)家授予庇護(hù)的意思表示不受其他國(guó)家強(qiáng)制，目前沒(méi)有任何條約要求國(guó)家必須實(shí)施庇護(hù)。同時(shí)，尋求庇護(hù)者來(lái)源國(guó)不能視庇護(hù)國(guó)實(shí)施庇護(hù)的行為為不友好、敵對(duì)行為。此外，庇護(hù)權(quán)屬于個(gè)人可以享受的權(quán)利，目前國(guó)際法只賦予個(gè)人申請(qǐng)庇護(hù)的權(quán)利。但是在庇護(hù)申請(qǐng)前、申請(qǐng)過(guò)程中及授予庇護(hù)后，庇護(hù)國(guó)和來(lái)源國(guó)都必須尊重申請(qǐng)人的人權(quán)。人權(quán)保護(hù)理念已經(jīng)深入到庇護(hù)制度的各個(gè)階段。 第二章是關(guān)于庇護(hù)的國(guó)際法依據(jù)，包括國(guó)際條約、國(guó)際習(xí)慣法和一般法律原則三個(gè)方面。首先本章從國(guó)際難民條約和國(guó)際人權(quán)條約兩個(gè)方面論述了國(guó)家承擔(dān)的國(guó)際法義務(wù)。其中國(guó)際難民條約主要是1951年《難民地位公約》及其1967年附加議定書，該公約是難民庇護(hù)領(lǐng)域最主要的國(guó)際法文件。當(dāng)今各國(guó)主流做法是根據(jù)1951年難民公約規(guī)定的難民概念制定本國(guó)實(shí)施庇護(hù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條件。公約還規(guī)定了難民不推回原則，涉及到尋求庇護(hù)者申請(qǐng)庇護(hù)之前、來(lái)到庇護(hù)國(guó)之初的權(quán)利。與庇護(hù)制度相關(guān)的國(guó)際人權(quán)法條約主要是指《世界人權(quán)宣言》、《公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利國(guó)際條約》、《經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和文化權(quán)利國(guó)際公約》，這些人權(quán)公約涉及到庇護(hù)程序各個(gè)階段尋求庇護(hù)者能夠享受的政治權(quán)利、經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利的保障。其次，本章闡述了庇護(hù)國(guó)際法依據(jù)中的習(xí)慣法規(guī)則，主要涉及到難民不推回原則。本章主要從規(guī)則的造法屬性、國(guó)家實(shí)踐時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)久性、廣泛存在的國(guó)家實(shí)踐的一致性等三方面論證了難民不推回原則已經(jīng)構(gòu)成了國(guó)際法上的習(xí)慣法規(guī)則。最后，本章探討了庇護(hù)國(guó)際法淵源的一般法律原則。一般法律原則在目前庇護(hù)國(guó)際法淵源中并不占有最重要的地位，但是世界各國(guó)主流立法趨于一致的事實(shí)本身，就證明在庇護(hù)制度領(lǐng)域存在著這樣的一般法律原則。在將來(lái)國(guó)際條約或者習(xí)慣法不能解決某些具體問(wèn)題的時(shí)候，關(guān)于庇護(hù)的一般法律原則有可能發(fā)揮一定的作用。 第三章是關(guān)于實(shí)施庇護(hù)的申請(qǐng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和申請(qǐng)程序，從國(guó)家應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循的國(guó)際法的視角分為實(shí)施庇護(hù)的前提條件、拒絕庇護(hù)的理由、停止庇護(hù)的原因、庇護(hù)審查程序等四個(gè)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了論述。首先，庇護(hù)國(guó)實(shí)施庇護(hù)的前提條件是本章乃至本文的重點(diǎn)問(wèn)題，其中重點(diǎn)論述了“有正當(dāng)理由的恐懼”、“迫害”、“五種迫害原因”、“身處國(guó)外”、“不受本國(guó)保護(hù)”等五個(gè)方面的要件。這是1951年《難民公約》規(guī)定的構(gòu)成難民身份的五個(gè)前提要件，如今已經(jīng)被世界各國(guó)接受為授予庇護(hù)的前提條件。因此符合1951年《難民公約》難民身份的人往往能夠在庇護(hù)國(guó)取得庇護(hù)，，但是最終能否取得庇護(hù)還要看庇護(hù)國(guó)是否根據(jù)該公約制定了國(guó)內(nèi)庇護(hù)法。其次，本章闡述了庇護(hù)國(guó)拒絕授予庇護(hù)的三種情形：已經(jīng)受到聯(lián)合國(guó)保護(hù)或援助的人、被認(rèn)為無(wú)需國(guó)際保護(hù)的人以及確定為不得保護(hù)的人。已經(jīng)受到聯(lián)合國(guó)保護(hù)的人特指幾種聯(lián)合國(guó)針對(duì)特定地區(qū)的難民采取的保護(hù)、救助對(duì)象，這種人不能再接受其他庇護(hù)國(guó)的庇護(hù)；無(wú)需國(guó)際保護(hù)的人主要是指已經(jīng)獲得庇護(hù)國(guó)國(guó)籍的人不能再享受庇護(hù)待遇，而是享有等同于該國(guó)國(guó)民的權(quán)利、義務(wù)；不得保護(hù)的人是指曾犯過(guò)國(guó)際罪行的人、犯過(guò)嚴(yán)重非政治罪行的人以及違反聯(lián)合國(guó)宗旨和原則的人。再次，本章闡述了停止實(shí)施庇護(hù)的終止條件：“受庇護(hù)者自愿接受本國(guó)保護(hù)”、“受庇護(hù)者自愿重新取得原國(guó)籍”、“受庇護(hù)者取得新國(guó)籍且受其保護(hù)”、“受庇護(hù)者在過(guò)去畏懼迫害的國(guó)家重新定居”、“受庇護(hù)者成為難民的理由不復(fù)存在”等五個(gè)方面。最后，本章論述了公平、快捷的庇護(hù)審查程序，這也是國(guó)際社會(huì)關(guān)注的保護(hù)尋求庇護(hù)者權(quán)利的一個(gè)重要方面。在此問(wèn)題上并沒(méi)有現(xiàn)存的國(guó)際法條約，庇護(hù)程序方面的國(guó)際法規(guī)則主要而是以國(guó)際組織決議的方式存在。國(guó)際組織決議鼓勵(lì)庇護(hù)國(guó)給予尋求庇護(hù)者公平快捷的審查程序，在程序中提供必要的協(xié)助、保障尋求庇護(hù)者最基本的人權(quán)、保障程序合理公正，主要涉及程序的基本原則、查明事實(shí)的方式和允許上訴等若干方面。 第四章是關(guān)于尋求庇護(hù)者在庇護(hù)各階段能夠享受的多種權(quán)利。本章以庇護(hù)申請(qǐng)的時(shí)間順序從三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行的論述：尋求庇護(hù)者入境前后不被推回的權(quán)利；申請(qǐng)者提出庇護(hù)申請(qǐng)之后的接待待遇；向?qū)で蟊幼o(hù)者實(shí)施庇護(hù)之后的正式待遇。首先，本章論述了難民不推回原則的法律依據(jù)，包括國(guó)際難民條約、人權(quán)條約和國(guó)際習(xí)慣法兩個(gè)方面；在難民不推回原則的具體內(nèi)容方面，本章涉及難民不推回原則約束的對(duì)象、禁止的行為、保護(hù)的對(duì)象、適用的地域范圍、針對(duì)的五種威脅等問(wèn)題。其次，關(guān)于尋求庇護(hù)者的接待待遇方面，本章闡述了國(guó)際人權(quán)法公約、國(guó)際難民法公約中規(guī)定的庇護(hù)接待待遇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；著重介紹了聯(lián)合國(guó)難民署針對(duì)尋求庇護(hù)者的接待待遇和接待政策的建議決議，該建議對(duì)于各庇護(hù)國(guó)理解本國(guó)國(guó)際法義務(wù)有重要價(jià)值。庇護(hù)國(guó)不僅需要保障尋求庇護(hù)者個(gè)體最低的生理需求以及人格尊嚴(yán)，還要盡力保護(hù)老弱病殘等特殊群體的特殊需求。最后，本章闡述了政治難民可以享受的正式待遇。該種待遇一般是指1951年《難民公約》授予“合法居留于庇護(hù)國(guó)的難民”或“在庇護(hù)國(guó)經(jīng)常居住的難民”的諸多待遇。具體包括：經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)權(quán)利，例如就業(yè)權(quán)、自由職業(yè)從業(yè)權(quán)、社會(huì)救濟(jì)權(quán)、住房權(quán)、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)等；公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利，例如取得旅行證件的權(quán)利、自由結(jié)社的權(quán)利、出席法院的權(quán)利等；難民享有的最終安置的權(quán)利，包括自愿遣返、自愿回國(guó)定居、重新安置、就地入籍等四個(gè)方面。 第五章是關(guān)于中國(guó)難民庇護(hù)制度的現(xiàn)狀及其完善建議。涉及到中國(guó)難民庇護(hù)實(shí)踐、面臨的法律問(wèn)題、中國(guó)參與的國(guó)際條約、中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)立法和司法實(shí)踐是否符合國(guó)際法義務(wù)以及對(duì)完善中國(guó)難民庇護(hù)制度的建議等若干方面。首先關(guān)于中國(guó)難民庇護(hù)的歷史，中國(guó)目前難民庇護(hù)的歷史實(shí)踐集中體現(xiàn)在對(duì)于印支難民、朝鮮脫北者、緬甸果敢難民的救助上，這些實(shí)踐為我國(guó)庇護(hù)立法和司法的進(jìn)一步完善提供了現(xiàn)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。但是在這些實(shí)踐中也暴露出若干問(wèn)題，例如中國(guó)目前未明確可以接受庇護(hù)對(duì)象，不承認(rèn)政治難民的概念；不能完全履行難民不推回義務(wù)，尤其是對(duì)朝鮮脫北者；缺乏專門的難民申請(qǐng)和甄別程序等方面。其次，本章論述了中國(guó)參與的庇護(hù)相關(guān)條約以及中國(guó)應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)的國(guó)際法義務(wù)。中國(guó)大量參與了庇護(hù)相關(guān)的國(guó)際公約，例如難民公約和數(shù)項(xiàng)人權(quán)公約，根據(jù)這些公約我國(guó)主要承擔(dān)的國(guó)際法義務(wù)包括：難民身份的確定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、不推回原則、尋求庇護(hù)者在庇護(hù)各個(gè)階段可以享受的待遇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問(wèn)題。再次，本章還評(píng)析了我國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)立法關(guān)于庇護(hù)問(wèn)題的相關(guān)規(guī)定，包括憲法條款和具體部門法、行政規(guī)章的規(guī)定等方面。最后本章對(duì)完善我國(guó)的庇護(hù)立法和實(shí)踐提出了若干建議：從國(guó)內(nèi)法上承認(rèn)難民概念，完善甄別難民地位的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；確定尋求庇護(hù)者在庇護(hù)程序的各個(gè)階段的待遇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；創(chuàng)設(shè)專門的難民甄別程序并明確專門的主管機(jī)關(guān)。
[Abstract]:The asylum system is an ancient legal system that has been enduring in the course of the development of the past thousand years .
the growth of Christianity in the Middle Ages ;
The diplomatic practice after the emergence of the nation state ;
( b ) The protection of political prisoners and asylum - seekers after the Great Revolution in France and the United States ;
The objective reality of transforming the flow of refugees and closing the border system after world war ;
The asylum system has experienced numerous changes in the political system and has witnessed the process of human development . The asylum system has always been able to combine with the characteristics of the times in the historical stage . The system of asylum has given the new vitality of the asylum system again in the context of the new era , and it will continue to play an important role in the new era .

The main purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of different stages of asylum development and to establish the legal concept of contemporary asylum .
( b ) To establish the relationship between the asylum system and international law by clarifying the international human rights law and refugee law obligations assumed by the State in the asylum system ;
From the perspective of the State ' s obligations under international law , the author analyses the rights of asylum and the conditions for the granting of asylum . In the end , the study of this article should return to China , and China , as the world power in development , must pay attention to the problem of refugee asylum . The question of asylum is an important part of contemporary human rights protection . It is a major international law problem that must be solved before the real rise of China . It covers the history of asylum development , the object of asylum , the conditions of asylum application and the rights of asylum - seekers .

This paper first introduces the report of UNHCR ' s report on contemporary global asylum practice , including the latest number of asylum - seekers in more than 40 major asylum countries in the world .

Firstly , this chapter discusses the relationship between asylum system and national sovereignty and human rights protection . In the end , the author discusses the relationship between asylum system and national sovereignty and human rights protection .

Chapter II is about the international law of asylum , including three aspects of international treaties , international customary law and general legal principles . First of all , this chapter discusses the international law obligations assumed by the State from two aspects of international refugee treaties and international human rights treaties .

The third chapter deals with the application standard and application procedure of asylum , which is divided into the precondition of implementing asylum , the reasons for refusing asylum , the reasons for stopping asylum and the procedure of asylum review .
Persons who do not need international protection refer primarily to the fact that persons who have acquired the nationality of asylum countries cannot enjoy the treatment of asylum , but enjoy the same rights and obligations as nationals of the country ;
At the end of this chapter , there are no existing international law treaties , asylum procedures related international law rules , but also international organization resolutions . In conclusion , this chapter deals with the fair , expeditious asylum review process , " asylum - seekers in the past fear of persecution " , " asylum - seekers becoming refugees " . In conclusion , the present chapter encourages asylum - seekers to grant asylum - seekers a fair and expeditious review process , which guarantees the most basic human rights of asylum - seekers , guarantees the right to justice , and mainly deals with the basic principles of procedures , the identification of facts and the granting of appeals .

Chapter IV deals with the various rights that asylum seekers can enjoy at all stages of asylum . This chapter deals with three aspects of the chronological order of asylum applications : the right not to be pushed back before and after the entry of asylum seekers ;
The applicant ' s hospitality after the application of the asylum application ;
( a ) Formal treatment following the application of asylum to asylum - seekers . First , this chapter addresses the legal basis for the principle of non - refoulement of refugees , including both international refugee treaties , human rights treaties and international customary law ;
In terms of the specific elements of the principle of non - refoulement of refugees , this chapter deals with the object of the principle of non - refoulement of refugees , the prohibited conduct , the subject of protection , the geographical scope applicable , the five threats to be addressed , etc . Secondly , with regard to the treatment of asylum - seekers , this chapter sets out the standards of treatment of asylum provided for in the International Covenant on Human Rights Law , the International Refugee Law Convention ;
This chapter describes the special needs of special groups such as economic and social rights , such as the right to employment , the right to free occupation , the right to social relief , the right to housing , intellectual property rights , etc .
Civil and political rights , such as the right to obtain travel documents , the right to freedom of association , the right to attend the courts , etc . ;
The right to eventual resettlement of refugees , including voluntary repatriation , voluntary repatriation , resettlement , local naturalization , etc .

The fifth chapter is about the status quo and the improvement of China ' s refugee asylum system . It is concerned with the Chinese refugee ' s asylum practice , the legal problems , the international treaties of China ' s participation , whether China ' s domestic legislation and judicial practice is in accord with the obligations of international law and the improvement of China ' s refugee asylum system . These practices have provided a realistic basis for further improvement of China ' s asylum legislation and judicial practice .
Failure to fully comply with the obligation of the refugees to return , in particular to the North Korean defectors ;
This chapter also analyzes the relevant provisions on asylum - related international conventions , such as refugee conventions and several human rights conventions , including the determination standard of refugee status , the principle of non - refoulement and the treatment standard that asylum - seekers can enjoy at various stages of asylum .
( d ) Identification of treatment standards for asylum - seekers at all stages of asylum procedures ;
Establishment of specialized refugee screening procedures and specific competent authorities .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D998.2

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