本文選題：碳關(guān)稅 + 邊境調(diào)節(jié)措施　； 參考：《湘潭大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：全球氣候變化深刻的影響著人類生存和發(fā)展,盡管國(guó)際社會(huì)已經(jīng)達(dá)成了一些相關(guān)的國(guó)際環(huán)境公約,但是這些公約并沒(méi)有有效的監(jiān)督執(zhí)行機(jī)制,2010年哥本哈根氣候大會(huì)擱淺更是令人們?yōu)闇厥覛怏w減排的未來(lái)充滿憂慮。盡管共同但有區(qū)別責(zé)任原則已經(jīng)成為國(guó)際社會(huì)基本認(rèn)同的一項(xiàng)原則,但以美國(guó)為首的一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家認(rèn)為,《京都議定書》目前僅對(duì)其附件I中所規(guī)定的國(guó)家進(jìn)行了溫室氣體排放限定,而對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家并無(wú)此類規(guī)定。這樣,一方面節(jié)能減排、使用新能源等帶來(lái)的成本增加,將導(dǎo)致發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的產(chǎn)品在與發(fā)展中國(guó)家的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中處于被動(dòng);另一方面也會(huì)由于發(fā)展中國(guó)家不節(jié)制的排放而導(dǎo)致發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的努力付諸東流,畢竟大氣是不分國(guó)界的。因此,美國(guó)等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家以建立“公平的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境”和抑制“碳泄漏”為由,開(kāi)始計(jì)劃對(duì)無(wú)碳約束國(guó)家所出口的高耗能產(chǎn)品征收碳邊境調(diào)節(jié)稅,即所謂的“碳關(guān)稅”。 目前,盡管相當(dāng)一部分發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家均主張采取所謂的“碳關(guān)稅”措施,但真正進(jìn)入立法層面的目前僅有美國(guó)和英國(guó)兩個(gè)國(guó)家,即美國(guó)2009年《清潔能源安全法案》以及英國(guó)的《低碳轉(zhuǎn)型計(jì)劃》�！疤缄P(guān)稅”措施作為一種新型的綠色貿(mào)易壁壘,其一出現(xiàn)即遭到國(guó)際社會(huì)尤其是廣大發(fā)展中國(guó)家的反對(duì)。同時(shí),作為一種貿(mào)易措施,其與WTO的序言,GATT第20條(b)、(g)兩項(xiàng)以及TBT協(xié)定的相關(guān)規(guī)定也存在沖突和抵觸。 中國(guó)目前作為世界第二大貿(mào)易大國(guó),同時(shí)也是高耗能工業(yè)制品出口大國(guó),一旦美國(guó)等國(guó)家采取碳關(guān)稅措施,會(huì)對(duì)我國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)造成重大影響。將增加我國(guó)高碳企業(yè)產(chǎn)品出口的成本,引起我國(guó)制造業(yè)出口額不同程度的下降,改變我國(guó)出口商品和貿(mào)易方式結(jié)構(gòu),并在一定程度上惡化出口環(huán)境。未來(lái)我國(guó)應(yīng)當(dāng)積極從以下幾個(gè)方面采取措施,以應(yīng)對(duì)碳關(guān)稅貿(mào)易壁壘。首先,借鑒國(guó)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)開(kāi)征碳排放稅;其次,引入市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制,打破能源行業(yè)壟斷;再次,研發(fā)推廣新技術(shù),加大低碳產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展;最后,構(gòu)建碳排放交易法律制度,完善配套法律法規(guī)。
[Abstract]:Global climate change has a profound impact on the survival and development of mankind, despite the fact that the international community has concluded a number of relevant international environmental conventions, But these conventions do not have an effective monitoring mechanism, and the grounding of the 2010 climate conference in Copenhagen has raised concerns about the future of greenhouse gas emissions. Despite the fact that the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities has become a fundamental shared principle of the international community, But some developed countries, led by the United States, believe that the Kyoto Protocol currently limits greenhouse gas emissions only to the countries specified in Annex I, but not to developing countries. In this way, on the one hand, the cost of energy saving and emission reduction, the use of new energy will increase, which will lead to the products of developed countries in the competition with developing countries in a passive; On the other hand, the unrestrained emissions of developing countries will lead to the collapse of the efforts of developed countries. After all, the atmosphere knows no borders. Therefore, the United States and other developed countries to establish a "level playing field" and curb "carbon leakage" as a reason, began to plan to impose carbon-free countries export high-energy products carbon border regulation tax, or so-called "carbon tariffs." At present, although quite a number of developed countries advocate the so-called "carbon tariff" measures, only the United States and the United Kingdom are the only countries that really enter the legislative level. The US Clean Energy Security Act of 2009 and Britain's low-carbon transition Plan. As a new kind of green trade barrier, carbon tariff is opposed by the international community, especially the developing countries. At the same time, as a kind of trade measure, there are also conflicts and conflicts with the preamble of the WTO and the two articles of GATT Article 20 (b), (g) and the relevant provisions of the Agreement. China is currently the second largest trading country in the world and also a large exporter of energy-consuming industrial products. Once the United States and other countries take carbon tariff measures, it will have a significant impact on our industry. It will increase the cost of export of high carbon enterprises in our country, cause the export of manufacturing industry to drop in different degrees, change the structure of export commodities and trade mode of our country, and worsen the export environment to a certain extent. In the future, China should take measures from the following aspects to deal with carbon tariff barriers. First, the introduction of carbon tax from international experience; secondly, the introduction of market competition mechanism to break the monopoly of the energy industry; third, research and development of new technologies to increase the development of low-carbon industries; finally, to build a legal system of carbon emissions trading, Perfect supporting laws and regulations.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湘潭大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D996.1

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