本文選題：私人軍事公司 + 雇傭軍�。� 參考：《華東政法大學》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：PMC（Private Military Companies,私人軍事公司）自20世紀90年代開始興起，并逐步介入地區(qū)沖突和戰(zhàn)爭，改變了現代戰(zhàn)爭的組織結構。然而PMC在國際法上的地位卻并不明晰，導致其在戰(zhàn)爭中的權利義務處于真空狀態(tài)。依照相關國際條約，PMC既難以被納入到雇傭軍的范圍之內，也不具有戰(zhàn)斗員的法律地位。若嚴格依照國際人道法規(guī)則，PMC雇員將被默認為具有平民身份。然而這似乎又與PMC受雇參加軍事行動的行為特征不符，，并導致PMC的種種軍事行動在違反國際人道法時難以受到有效的約束。 PMC的出現也引出了新的法律問題，即PMC在執(zhí)行軍事任務過程中違反國際人道法產生的責任應由誰承擔？除了PMC實體及其雇員應承擔相應的民事和刑事責任之外，如果PMC的違法行為可以歸因于相關國家，該國是否應承擔相應的責任？實際中，PMC的違法行為會影響到兩類國家的法律責任或法律地位：第一，若某國在某一武裝沖突中為中立國，而該國的PMC卻參與了武裝沖突，那么該國是否喪失其中立地位，從而承擔破壞中立的國家責任；第二，PMC雇傭國應對PMC的違法行為承擔何種責任。 此外，由于實踐中PMC的雇傭國很多情況下為其母國（即注冊登記國），人們往往將PMC違反國際人道法的行為遷怒于其母國。因此，母國也應當完善國內有關PMC的法律框架，確保PMC及其人員的行為符合相關國內法，并建立針對PMC的問責制度，通過國內司法制度制裁PMC的海外不法行為。
[Abstract]:PMC (Private military companies) began to rise in 1990s, and gradually involved in regional conflicts and wars, which changed the organizational structure of modern warfare. However, the status of PMC in international law is not clear, resulting in its rights and obligations in the war in a vacuum. In accordance with the relevant international treaties, PMC is difficult to be included in the scope of mercenaries and does not have the legal status of combatants. PMC employees who adhere strictly to the rules of international humanitarian law will be acquiesced as civilians. However, this does not seem to be consistent with the characteristics of PMC's engagement in military operations and makes it difficult for PMC military operations to be effectively bound in violation of international humanitarian law. The emergence of PMC also raises new legal questions. That is, who should be held responsible for violations of international humanitarian law by PMC in the course of military missions? In addition to the corresponding civil and criminal liability of the PMC entity and its employees, should the PMC be held liable if the offence is attributable to the State concerned? In practice, the violation of a PMC would affect the legal responsibility or legal status of two categories of States: first, if a State is a neutral State in an armed conflict and the PMC of that State is involved in an armed conflict, does that State lose its status, The second is the responsibility of the PMC's employer country for the PMC's illegal acts. In addition, because in practice PMC's country of employment is in many cases its home country (that is, the country of registration), people tend to resent PMC's violation of international humanitarian law in its home country. Therefore, the home country should also perfect the domestic legal framework on PMC, ensure that the PMC and its personnel act in accordance with relevant domestic law, and establish the accountability system for PMC, and sanction PMC's illegal acts abroad through domestic judicial system.
【學位授予單位】：華東政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D99

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