本文選題：食物權(quán) + 國(guó)家義務(wù)�。� 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：食物權(quán)是一項(xiàng)非常重要的人權(quán),因?yàn)槭澄锸侨祟惿媾c發(fā)展的前提,食物權(quán)與每個(gè)人息息相關(guān)。但是食物權(quán)卻是當(dāng)代人權(quán)理論中起步較晚的權(quán)利,在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后才首次作為一項(xiàng)權(quán)利被提出。人權(quán)是人作為人即應(yīng)當(dāng)享有的權(quán)利,作為一項(xiàng)權(quán)利與其相對(duì)應(yīng)的義務(wù)主體是國(guó)家。食物權(quán)作為一項(xiàng)基本人權(quán),負(fù)責(zé)其實(shí)現(xiàn)的義務(wù)主體也應(yīng)當(dāng)是國(guó)家,本文就國(guó)家對(duì)于食物權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)哪些義務(wù)、怎樣承擔(dān)義務(wù)進(jìn)行了論述。本文一共有五個(gè)章節(jié)。第一章介紹了食物權(quán)的概念與歷史沿革,介紹了食物權(quán)的概念是怎樣提出的,以及經(jīng)歷了哪些發(fā)展,并對(duì)食物權(quán)概念發(fā)展的原因和發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)進(jìn)行了總結(jié)。第二章中,筆者認(rèn)為食物權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)的義務(wù)主體應(yīng)當(dāng)是國(guó)家,并對(duì)國(guó)家承擔(dān)食物權(quán)義務(wù)的正當(dāng)性進(jìn)行了分析。筆者先解釋了為什么在現(xiàn)代人權(quán)理論中人權(quán)的義務(wù)主體是國(guó)家,接著又分析了食物權(quán)的人權(quán)屬性,最后又從福利國(guó)家的思想、社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)食物權(quán)的影響以及食物權(quán)具有客觀價(jià)值秩序?qū)傩缘慕嵌葘?duì)食物權(quán)應(yīng)當(dāng)由國(guó)家承擔(dān)義務(wù)進(jìn)行了論證。并在這一部分的最后對(duì)國(guó)家應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)義務(wù)的質(zhì)疑進(jìn)行了反駁。第三章就國(guó)家承擔(dān)食物權(quán)義務(wù)的具體類型與方式進(jìn)行了討論,根據(jù)相關(guān)的國(guó)際條約可以得知國(guó)家對(duì)于食物權(quán)的保護(hù)義務(wù)分為尊重、保護(hù)和履行三個(gè)方面,應(yīng)當(dāng)保障食物的可獲得性、充足性、安全性以及文化上的可接受性。國(guó)家承擔(dān)食物權(quán)義務(wù)的主要方式有形成公共政策的方式,這一方式主要是指通過法律或行政措施對(duì)公民的食物權(quán)進(jìn)行保護(hù);具體給付的方式主要包括物質(zhì)給付和金錢給付,是針對(duì)社會(huì)上的弱勢(shì)群體或者失去勞動(dòng)能力的人進(jìn)行幫助,還包括在自然災(zāi)害等特殊時(shí)期,國(guó)家對(duì)于受災(zāi)群眾進(jìn)行直接給付以保障其食物權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn);憲法訴訟的方式,這一方式針對(duì)的是在食物權(quán)受到侵害時(shí),國(guó)家通過對(duì)食物權(quán)進(jìn)行救濟(jì)來承擔(dān)義務(wù)的方式。文章的第四章對(duì)我國(guó)政府承擔(dān)食物權(quán)義務(wù)的發(fā)展歷程以及現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了總結(jié)和梳理,并總結(jié)了我國(guó)現(xiàn)階段存在哪些不足。文章的第五部分對(duì)這些不足提出了具體的改進(jìn)的意見�？偟脕碚f,筆者認(rèn)為食物權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)應(yīng)當(dāng)由國(guó)家來承擔(dān)義務(wù),承擔(dān)的義務(wù)內(nèi)容是尊重保護(hù)和履行食物權(quán),實(shí)現(xiàn)義務(wù)的方式主要有具體給付、制定公共政策和憲法訴訟等。中國(guó)在履行食物權(quán)國(guó)家義務(wù)的過程中取得了巨大的成就,但還存在許多方面需要改進(jìn)。
[Abstract]:The right to food is a very important human right, because food is the premise of human survival and development, and the right to food is closely related to everyone. However, the right to food is a late right in contemporary human rights theory, which was first proposed as a right after the second World War. Human rights is the right that human beings should enjoy as human beings, and as a corresponding subject of obligation, it is the state. The right to food, as a basic human right, should also be the subject of the state's obligation to realize it. This paper discusses what obligations the country should undertake and how to undertake the obligation to realize the right to food. There are five chapters in this paper. The first chapter introduces the concept and historical evolution of the right to food, how to put forward the concept of the right to food, and what has gone through the development, and summarizes the reasons and trends of the development of the concept of the right to food. In the second chapter, the author thinks that the main body of the obligation to realize the right to food should be the state, and analyzes the legitimacy of the obligation of the state to undertake the right to food. The author first explains why the subject of human rights obligation in modern human rights theory is the state, then analyzes the human rights attribute of the right to food, and finally, from the perspective of the welfare state, The influence of social structure on the right to food and the objective value order attribute of the right to food are discussed. At the end of this part, the author refutes the doubt that the state should bear the obligation. The third chapter discusses the specific types and methods of the right to food obligations of the State. According to the relevant international treaties, it can be known that the obligation to protect the right to food can be divided into three aspects: respecting, protecting and fulfilling. Food availability, adequacy, safety and cultural acceptability should be guaranteed. The main way for the state to assume the obligation of the right to food is to form a public policy, which mainly refers to the protection of the right to food of citizens through laws or administrative measures. It is aimed at the vulnerable groups in society or those who are unable to work. It also includes that in special periods such as natural disasters, the state pays directly to the affected people in order to guarantee the realization of their right to food; the way of constitutional litigation, This approach is aimed at the way in which the State undertakes its obligations through relief to the right to food when the right to food is violated. The fourth chapter summarizes and combs the development course and present situation of our government's obligation to bear the right to food, and summarizes the shortcomings of our country at the present stage. The fifth part of the article puts forward some concrete suggestions to improve these deficiencies. In general, the author believes that the realization of the right to food should be undertaken by the state, the content of which is to respect the protection and implementation of the right to food, the main ways to realize the obligation are to pay specifically, to formulate public policies and constitutional litigation, and so on. China has made great achievements in fulfilling its national obligations on the right to food, but there are still many aspects to be improved.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D998.2

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