本文選題：GATT1947第24條 + 非歧視性��； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：當(dāng)今各國在對外經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易合作方面,越來越多地嘗試區(qū)域經(jīng)濟合作,使得近年來區(qū)域性貿(mào)易行為迅速發(fā)展。WTO對區(qū)域貿(mào)易安排(以下簡稱RTA)既控制又鼓勵的態(tài)度,難免會使RTA制度和WTO框架下其他法律制度銜接時產(chǎn)生沖突,保障措施就是其中之一。使得各國在實踐中遇到問題時無所適從。 這些問題包括：RTA內(nèi)部是否可以制定保障措施條款?其成員之間相互適用保障措施是否與GATT第24條的要求相左?RTA成員在適用全球性保障措施時能否排除本區(qū)域內(nèi)的其他成員而僅僅針對區(qū)域外的第三方實施?如果能實施,是否背離WTO非歧視性原則?這些疑問在WTO規(guī)則體系中沒有明確規(guī)定,在具體的爭端解決實踐中也未予以澄清,各個RTA規(guī)定的保障措施條款又有極大差異,使問題變得更加復(fù)雜。 因此,本文主旨就是論證兩個問題：一是RTA內(nèi)部適用保障措施的合法性問題；二是RTA成員僅針對區(qū)域外第三方國家適用保障措施不違背WTO非歧視原則。最終通過合理解釋W(xué)TO法律規(guī)則或爭端解決的處理使兩個問題得以明確。 第一部分主要揭示GATT1994的規(guī)定存在的問題。RTA主要規(guī)定在GATT1947第24條,但該條并未明確RTA內(nèi)部能否實施保障措施及怎樣實施保障措施。RTA成員單獨適用保障措施成為WTO法律規(guī)制的一個盲點,GATT1994第19條和《保障措施協(xié)議》的第2條腳注1沒有給出答案。 第二部分是分析RTA成員適用保障措施的實踐及其爭議。各個區(qū)域貿(mào)易協(xié)定中雖然都訂立的保障措施條款,但其內(nèi)容卻大相徑庭,主要有三種模式,即雙邊與全球措施相結(jié)合模式、同盟整體性適用保障措施模式和概括參照WTO規(guī)定模式；爭端實踐中排除區(qū)域貿(mào)易成員適用保障措施的案件錯綜復(fù)雜,爭端雙方主要圍繞GATT1947第24條、GATT1994第19條以及《保障措施協(xié)議》第2條的適用適用主體、條件、范圍進行了爭論。WTO專家組和上訴機構(gòu)在處理的過程中也體現(xiàn)了不同的思維和智慧。 第三部分是討論解決RTA成員適用保障措施的問題的路徑。主要列舉了各位學(xué)者對RTA成員適用內(nèi)部保障措施和全球性保障措施的具體觀點和意見的概括。對于RTA成員方之間適用保障措施的合法性以及排除區(qū)域成員適用保障措施的非歧視性的觀點。探究GATT第24條的條文含義可知,第8款要求RTA取消“實質(zhì)上所有貿(mào)易限制”——關(guān)稅和其他限制性貿(mào)易法規(guī)的適用,如有必要,根據(jù)第11、12、13、14、15和20條允許的措施除外。該列舉應(yīng)該是例示性的、不完全的,擔(dān)負著自由貿(mào)易“安全閥”作用的保障措施在必要時也應(yīng)可以在區(qū)域成員之間適用；“實質(zhì)上所有貿(mào)易”不同于所有貿(mào)易,對區(qū)域內(nèi)部分產(chǎn)品實施保障措施,并不會阻礙“實質(zhì)上所有貿(mào)易”的自由化。因此,區(qū)域貿(mào)易成員間可以實施保障措施。 同時,進一步闡述了RTA成員方之間保障措施的排除適用的非歧視性問題。筆者側(cè)重對有關(guān)法律條文進行分析,討論對區(qū)域產(chǎn)品排除適用保障措施的可能性和條件以及最終豁免應(yīng)遵循的平行原則。對GATT第24條的通常理解可以確定其能夠組委對區(qū)內(nèi)進口豁免實施保障措施的抗辯,為區(qū)域選擇性保障措施提供支持,即賦予RTA成員在適用保障措施時對同一區(qū)域的其他成員予以排除的權(quán)利,這不違背WTO非歧視性原則。
[Abstract]:In the field of foreign economic and trade cooperation, more and more countries have tried regional economic cooperation, which makes the regional trade behavior develop rapidly in recent years with the attitude of.WTO to the regional trade arrangement (hereinafter referred to as RTA), which will inevitably lead to conflict between the RTA system and its legal system under the framework of WTO. One of them makes it difficult for countries to encounter problems in practice.
These questions include: is there a guarantee of safeguards within the RTA? Is the security measures applicable to each other left to the twenty-fourth requirements of GATT? Can RTA members exclude other members of the region in the application of global security measures only for the third party outside the region? If it can be implemented, whether or not to deviate from WTO The non discriminatory principle? These questions have not been clearly defined in the WTO rules system, and have not been clarified in the concrete dispute settlement practice. The provisions of the various RTA provisions have great differences, making the problem more complicated.
Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to demonstrate two problems: one is the legitimacy of RTA's internal application of safeguards; the two is that the members of the RTA are only applicable to the third party countries outside the region and do not violate the WTO non discrimination principle. Finally, the two problems can be clarified through the rational interpretation of the legal rules of the WTO or the settlement of the dispute.
The first part mainly reveals the existing problems of the GATT1994 regulations.RTA mainly in the GATT1947 twenty-fourth, but the article does not specify whether the internal RTA can implement the safeguards and how to implement the safeguards, the.RTA members alone apply the safeguard measures to become a blind spot of the WTO legal regulation, the second footnotes of the GATT1994 nineteenth and the safeguards agreement. 1 did not give the answer.
The second part is to analyze the practice and controversy of the RTA members' application of safeguard measures. Although the provisions of the safeguards in each regional trade agreement are different, there are three kinds of modes, namely, the combination of bilateral and global measures, the integrated application of the safeguard measures model and the general reference to the WTO regulations; In the end practice, the cases in which the members of regional trade are excluded from the application of safeguards are intricate. The two sides of the dispute are mainly concerned with the applicable subjects of the GATT1947 twenty-fourth, GATT1994 nineteenth and the second of the safeguards agreement, and the conditions and the scope of the dispute, the.WTO expert group and the appellate body are also reflected in the different thinking and intelligence in the process of handling. Hui.
The third part is the way to discuss and solve the problems of the RTA members' application of safeguards. It mainly lists the specific views and opinions of the scholars on the application of internal security measures and global safeguard measures to the members of the RTA members. The legality of the application of the safeguard measures to the members of the members of the RTA and the exclusion of the application of security measures from the members of the regional members is not disambiguation. Looking at the meaning of the twenty-fourth article of the GATT, the eighth paragraph calls for the abolition of "virtually all trade restrictions" - the application of tariffs and other restrictive trade regulations, if necessary, with the exception of the measures permitted in article 11,12,13,14,15 and 20. The enumeration should be exemplary, incomplete, and free trade ". The safeguards for the effect of the safety valve should also be applicable between the members of the region as necessary; "all trade in substance" is different from all trade, and the implementation of safeguards for some of the products in the region does not impede the liberalization of "all trade in substance". Therefore, the members of the regional trade can implement safeguards.
At the same time, it further expounds the non discriminatory problem of the exclusion of the safeguard measures between the RTA members. The author focuses on the analysis of the relevant legal provisions, the possibility and conditions for the exclusion of the safeguard measures for regional products, and the parallel principles to which the final exemption should be followed. The general understanding of the twenty-fourth GATT can be determined to be able to determine its ability. The organizing committee's defense against the import exemption in the area provides support for the regional selective safeguards, which gives the RTA members the right to exclude the other members of the same region when applying the safeguards, which is not contrary to the non discriminatory principle of the WTO.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D996.1

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