本文選題：普遍管轄權 + 適用　； 參考：《吉林大學》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：普遍管轄權就是針對國際社會所公認的特定國際罪行，不論犯罪人的國籍、犯罪行為的發(fā)生地或者被害人的國籍，各國都可以行使管轄權。普遍管轄權雖然不要求屬人或者屬地等密切的聯(lián)系要素就可行使，但“平等者之間無管轄權”依然是國際法的一項基本準則，因而一國不能隨意的行使普遍管轄權。普遍管轄權的合法性基礎在于習慣國際法或者國際條約。普遍管轄權是伴隨國際社會為了打擊特定的國際犯罪而產(chǎn)生而發(fā)展的。隨著人類文明的不斷推進，普遍管轄權是當今國際社會共同打擊有罪不罰、逍遙法外方面的重要工具。 盡管國際社會認識到了普遍管轄權的基本價值，但是對于普遍管轄權的范圍，國際社會仍然存在著一定的分歧。本文將指出，普遍管轄權自開始就是國家之間因為打擊海盜等犯罪的需要而逐漸形成的一種共識，因而國家是行使普遍管轄權的主體。普遍管轄權是不同于國際刑事法院等特定的國際刑事審判機構的管轄權的。對于國家究竟可以對那些國際犯罪行使普遍管轄權，本文將討論關于適用普遍管轄權之國際犯罪的四種判斷標準，即犯罪的嚴重性、犯罪逃脫懲罰的可能性、犯罪是否違反了國際強行法、習慣國際法和國際條約的規(guī)定四個標準，并指出對于某一國際犯罪是否使用普遍管轄權，還是要從習慣國際法和國際條約中尋找根據(jù)。同時本文還將對各國所提及較多的海盜罪、戰(zhàn)爭罪、滅絕種族罪、危害人類罪等四種罪名進行探討。 普遍管轄權的適用在世界范圍內(nèi)并不平均，歐洲國家，，尤其是西歐國家行使普遍管轄權的情況較多。國際非政府組織在普遍管轄權的適用過程中也發(fā)揮了重要力量。但是普遍管轄權在適用的過程中也存在諸多障礙，本文將會討論立法方面的差異、司法成本大、刑事司法協(xié)助的困難性、與豁免權存在的沖突、政治方面的影響等幾個適用普遍管轄權的障礙。為了更好的適用普遍管轄權，各國必須在普遍管轄權的過程中最大程度的尊重主權，并從適用有限的普遍管轄權等幾個方面來解決普遍管轄權適用的障礙。 中國作為聯(lián)合國安理會常任理事國，在打擊國際犯罪方面也發(fā)揮著舉足輕重的作用。但是中國國內(nèi)普遍管轄權的立法仍然存在一些問題。為了更好的行使普遍管轄權，中國必須從健全國內(nèi)立法等方面著手，完善適用普遍管轄權的法律制度，從而更好的發(fā)揮我國在打擊國際犯罪、維護國際社會秩序方面的作用。
[Abstract]:Universal jurisdiction is the exercise of jurisdiction over specific international crimes recognized by the international community, regardless of the nationality of the perpetrator, the place where the crime took place or the nationality of the victim. Although universal jurisdiction does not require the exercise of such closely related elements as personal or territoriality, "no jurisdiction between equals" remains a fundamental norm of international law, and a State cannot exercise universal jurisdiction at will. Universal jurisdiction was based on customary international law or international treaties. Universal jurisdiction is accompanied by the development of the international community in order to combat specific international crimes. With the development of human civilization, universal jurisdiction is an important tool for the international community to fight impunity and impunity. Although the international community recognized the fundamental value of universal jurisdiction, there were still differences in its scope. It will be noted in this paper that universal jurisdiction has been a common understanding between States since the beginning, as a result of the need to combat crimes such as piracy, and thus the State is the subject of the exercise of universal jurisdiction. Universal jurisdiction is different from the jurisdiction of a particular international criminal jurisdiction such as the International Criminal Court. As to whether a State can exercise universal jurisdiction over those international crimes, this paper will discuss four criteria for judging international crimes to which universal jurisdiction applies, namely, the seriousness of the crime, the possibility of impunity for the crime, Whether the crime violates international jus cogens, customary international law and the provisions of international treaties, and points out whether universal jurisdiction is used in respect of an international crime, or whether to seek a basis from customary international law and international treaties. At the same time, this article will discuss four crimes of piracy, war crime, genocide and crimes against humanity. The application of universal jurisdiction is not even in the world, European countries, especially Western European countries, exercise universal jurisdiction more often. International NGOs also play an important role in the application of universal jurisdiction. However, there are many obstacles to the application of universal jurisdiction. This paper will discuss the differences in legislation, the high judicial cost, the difficulty of criminal judicial assistance, and the conflict between immunity and immunity. Political implications and other obstacles to the application of universal jurisdiction. In order to better apply universal jurisdiction, States must respect sovereignty to the greatest extent in the process of universal jurisdiction, and solve the obstacles to the application of universal jurisdiction from several aspects, such as the application of limited universal jurisdiction. As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China also plays a pivotal role in combating international crime. However, there are still some problems in the legislation of universal jurisdiction in China. In order to better exercise universal jurisdiction, China must start from the aspects of domestic legislation and perfect the legal system of applying universal jurisdiction, so as to play a better role in cracking down on international crimes and maintaining international social order.
【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D997.9

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本文編號：1935279