本文選題：北極公海 + 漁業(yè)資源　； 參考：《安徽大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：氣候變化在北極地區(qū)的影響凸顯,2016年夏季海冰面積為1025萬平方公里,'每年海冰消失面積的平均值幾乎等于一個印度,美國國家海洋與大氣管理局曾發(fā)布報告稱,三十幾年后,北冰洋將迎來"無冰之夏",這就為北極公海漁業(yè)捕撈活動創(chuàng)造天然的條件。目前北極公海適宜捕撈的水域面積達到50%,且這一比例呈上升趨勢。北極未來出現(xiàn)的新漁場必是各國矚目的焦點。近年來,圍繞著北極公海漁業(yè)資源,一場無硝煙的爭奪戰(zhàn)已經(jīng)打響,北極公海漁業(yè)資源屬于"公共財產(chǎn)資源",具有非排他性和競爭性,因此容易產(chǎn)生"公地悲劇",再加上北極地區(qū)機制的弊端,使得爭端不可避免。各國在北極地區(qū)的頻繁出沒使得該地區(qū)處于一種箭在弦上的緊張態(tài)勢,為了避免"公地悲劇",實現(xiàn)漁業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展,北極公海海域急待相應漁業(yè)管理措施的出臺。北極區(qū)域性政治合作起步較慢,北極公海漁業(yè)管理體系不統(tǒng)一,但是北極公海作為世界海洋的一部分,涉及海洋方面的國際法都適用于它。目前北極公海漁業(yè)資源保護制度的內(nèi)容包括全球性國際公約,其中以《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》為主,還有區(qū)域性公約、雙邊條約,但是《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》作為全球性公約,對全球范圍內(nèi)的海洋自上而下的整體性規(guī)制,因此不能針對性的解決北極公海漁業(yè)所面臨的具體問題;北極海域的雙邊、多邊條約,是針對不同的魚種及部分沿海國的專屬經(jīng)濟區(qū)進行規(guī)制,且區(qū)域覆蓋有"盲點"或"重疊";當前北極公海海域沒有"一統(tǒng)全局"的漁業(yè)管理組織及漁業(yè)協(xié)定。無論是全球性公約、區(qū)域性公約、雙邊條約都存在著這樣那樣的缺憾,難以真正實現(xiàn)對北極公海漁業(yè)的保護,結合目前北極的國際環(huán)境及北極公海漁業(yè)資源"公共財產(chǎn)資源"的屬性,秉持著"聯(lián)合開發(fā)、共同管理"的思想,可以將北極海域全面實施的《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》作為過渡性措施,完善其相關規(guī)定,等時機成熟時,可以借鑒《南極海域海洋生物資源養(yǎng)護公約》的亮點,構建《北極海域海洋生物資源養(yǎng)護公約》,為北極公海漁業(yè)資源的可持續(xù)利用提供系統(tǒng)性、針對性的法律制度。中國作為近北極國家,應當充分利用好這一契機,多角度、多途徑參與北極事務,積極推動《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》的完善,踴躍地參與相關漁業(yè)管理機制的構建,在北極公海漁業(yè)資源保護制度構建過程中,發(fā)表自己的建議,積極推動北極公海漁業(yè)協(xié)議的出臺,促進北極公海漁業(yè)的國際化,加速國內(nèi)立法進程,提高北極科考能力,最大程度維護我國北極權益。
[Abstract]:The impact of climate change in the Arctic is highlighted, with an annual average of 10.25 million square kilometers of sea ice lost in the summer of 2016 almost equal to that of an Indian, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has reported that more than 30 years later, The Arctic Ocean will usher in an ice-free summer, creating natural conditions for Arctic high seas fishing. At present, the area of the Arctic high seas suitable for fishing reaches 50 percent, and this proportion is on the rise. New fishing grounds in the Arctic are bound to be the focus of attention. In recent years, a battle has been launched around the Arctic high seas fishery resources, which are "public property resources" and are non-exclusive and competitive. Therefore, the tragedy of the Commons, coupled with the malpractice of the Arctic regime, makes the dispute inevitable. The frequent occurrence of countries in the Arctic region makes the region in a tense situation. In order to avoid the tragedy of the common land and realize the sustainable development of fisheries, the relevant fishery management measures are urgently needed in the Arctic high seas. The Arctic regional political cooperation starts slowly, and the high seas fisheries management system is not uniform. However, the Arctic high seas as a part of the world's oceans, the international law related to the sea are applicable to it. The current regime for the protection of high seas fisheries resources in the Arctic includes global international conventions, mainly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, regional conventions and bilateral treaties, but the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is a global convention. The global regulation of the oceans from top to bottom does not address the specific problems faced by Arctic high seas fisheries; bilateral, multilateral treaties in Arctic waters, It is to regulate the exclusive economic zone of different species and some coastal States, and there are "blind spots" or "overlaps" in the region. There are no fishery management organizations and fishery agreements in the Arctic high seas. Whether it is a global convention, a regional convention, or a bilateral treaty, there are some shortcomings, and it is difficult to truly protect the high seas fisheries in the Arctic. Considering the current international environment of the Arctic and the attributes of the "public property resources" of the Arctic high seas fishery resources, and adhering to the idea of "joint development and joint management", The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which has been fully implemented in the Arctic area, may be used as a transitional measure to improve its relevant provisions, and when the time is ripe, the bright spots of the Convention on the Conservation of living Marine Resources in Antarctic Sea areas can be drawn upon, To construct the Convention on the Conservation of Marine living Resources in the Arctic Sea to provide a systematic and targeted legal system for the sustainable use of fishery resources in the Arctic high seas. As a country near the Arctic, China should make full use of this opportunity, participate in Arctic affairs from various angles and ways, actively promote the perfection of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, and actively participate in the construction of relevant fisheries management mechanisms. In the course of the construction of the Arctic high seas fishery resources protection system, we should issue our own suggestions, actively promote the promulgation of the Arctic high seas fisheries agreement, promote the internationalization of the Arctic high seas fisheries, accelerate the domestic legislative process, and improve the Arctic scientific research capability. To maximize the protection of China's Arctic rights and interests.
【學位授予單位】：安徽大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D993.5

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