本文選題：跨界環(huán)境損害 + 民事責(zé)任��； 參考：《遼寧大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：1972年《人類環(huán)境宣言》第22條號(hào)召“各國(guó)應(yīng)合作發(fā)展關(guān)于其管轄或控制下的活動(dòng)對(duì)其管轄外的地區(qū)造成污染和生態(tài)損害的責(zé)任以及對(duì)受害者予以賠償?shù)膰?guó)際法”。但是，近年來，跨界環(huán)境損害的國(guó)際責(zé)任規(guī)則發(fā)展的相當(dāng)緩慢，，以至于國(guó)家也很難承擔(dān)跨界環(huán)境損害的責(zé)任。盡管如此，跨界環(huán)境損害中受害方的利益仍然要得到保護(hù)，而解決該問題的辦法之一就是將目光轉(zhuǎn)向私主體，使之承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的民事責(zé)任，但同時(shí)我們?nèi)圆荒芎鲆曈捎诳缃缫蛩氐拇嬖诙鴮?dǎo)致的司法管轄權(quán)的問題。因此，締結(jié)國(guó)際條約就成為國(guó)家解決這個(gè)問題的首選辦法之一，如1969年締結(jié)的《國(guó)際油污損害民事責(zé)任公約》就是這方面最具典范的國(guó)際法律文件之一，隨后，關(guān)于跨界污染的民事責(zé)任條約紛紛出臺(tái)，領(lǐng)域涉及核污染損害、跨界水域污染損害、海洋石油污染損害和危險(xiǎn)物質(zhì)跨界轉(zhuǎn)移所致的損害等。 本文首先分析了跨界環(huán)境損害民事責(zé)任提出的原因以及司法實(shí)踐中民事責(zé)任對(duì)于解決跨界環(huán)境損害的必要性，并闡述了通過民事責(zé)任機(jī)制來解決跨界環(huán)境損害的責(zé)任承擔(dān)問題是一個(gè)更為合理、有效的途徑，在國(guó)際社會(huì)，越來越多的國(guó)家將會(huì)逐漸接受并采用這一方式。接著論述了跨界環(huán)境損害民事責(zé)任發(fā)展的理論基礎(chǔ)，主要有注意義務(wù)的客觀化和利益均衡論。其次介紹了跨界環(huán)境損害民事責(zé)任的國(guó)際法律規(guī)定，進(jìn)一步說明了通過民事責(zé)任機(jī)制解決跨界環(huán)境損害的問題早已深入人心。第三部分重點(diǎn)論述了跨界環(huán)境損害民事責(zé)任存在的局限性以及如何應(yīng)對(duì)的問題，在局限性方面，主要通過跨界環(huán)境損害私主體的責(zé)任能力有限、環(huán)境損害跨界索賠存在障礙、《關(guān)于危險(xiǎn)活動(dòng)造成跨界損害中的損失分配原則草案》尚存缺陷等三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行論述，并指出通過完善跨界環(huán)境損害民事責(zé)任機(jī)制、構(gòu)建跨界環(huán)境損害訴訟救濟(jì)途徑、加強(qiáng)國(guó)際合作等策略進(jìn)行相關(guān)問題的解決。本文的最后一部分主要分析了中國(guó)在跨界環(huán)境損害民事責(zé)任方面存在的問題以及解決策略，以期對(duì)跨界環(huán)境損害民事責(zé)任的發(fā)展和完善有所裨益，從而達(dá)到保護(hù)國(guó)際環(huán)境的目的。
[Abstract]:Article 22 of the 1972 Declaration on the Human Environment calls for "States to cooperate in the development of international law on liability for pollution and ecological damage caused by activities under their jurisdiction or control and compensation for victims". However, in recent years, the development of international liability rules for transboundary environmental damage is so slow that it is difficult for the State to bear the responsibility for transboundary environmental damage. Nevertheless, the interests of the injured party in transboundary environmental harm still need to be protected, and one of the solutions to this problem is to turn to the private subject and make it liable for the corresponding civil liability. But at the same time, we can not ignore the jurisdiction caused by the existence of cross-border factors. Thus, the conclusion of international treaties has become one of the preferred national solutions to this problem, such as the International Convention on Civil liability for Oil pollution damage, concluded in 1969, which is one of the most exemplary international legal instruments in this regard, and subsequently, The civil liability treaties on transboundary pollution have been published one after another in the fields of nuclear pollution damage, transboundary water pollution damage, marine oil pollution damage and damage caused by the transboundary transfer of dangerous substances. This paper first analyzes the causes of civil liability for transboundary environmental damage and the necessity of civil liability in judicial practice to solve transboundary environmental damage. It is a more reasonable and effective way to solve the problem of liability for transboundary environmental damage through civil liability mechanism. In the international community, more and more countries will gradually accept and adopt this method. Then it discusses the theoretical basis of the development of civil liability for transboundary environmental damage, including the objectivity of duty of care and the theory of balance of interests. Secondly, it introduces the international legal provisions of civil liability for transboundary environmental damage, and further explains that the problem of solving transboundary environmental damage through the mechanism of civil liability has been deeply accepted by people. The third part focuses on the limitations of civil liability for transboundary environmental damage and how to deal with the problems. There are obstacles to the claim for transboundary environmental damage, and the draft principles on the allocation of loss in the case of transboundary harm caused by hazardous activities are discussed in three aspects, such as the remaining defects, and it is pointed out that the civil liability mechanism for transboundary environmental damage can be improved by perfecting the mechanism of civil liability for transboundary environmental damage. To solve the related problems by constructing the remedy way of transboundary environmental damage litigation, strengthening international cooperation and so on. The last part of this paper mainly analyzes the problems in the civil liability for transboundary environmental damage in China as well as the countermeasures, in order to benefit the development and improvement of the civil liability for transboundary environmental damage. In order to achieve the goal of protecting the international environment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：D996.9

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