本文選題：國(guó)際組織 + 法律責(zé)任��； 參考：《武漢大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：國(guó)際法律人格是構(gòu)成責(zé)任法上的國(guó)際組織的實(shí)質(zhì)要件之一,是否具有國(guó)際法律人格也是判斷一個(gè)國(guó)際組織能否獨(dú)立地承擔(dān)國(guó)際責(zé)任的前提條件。在學(xué)理上和實(shí)踐中,都已形成了判斷國(guó)際組織是否具有法律人格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在不同的案例中一再被引用和重申。 國(guó)際組織與其成員間的法律責(zé)任問題要受到國(guó)際組織內(nèi)部法、國(guó)內(nèi)法與國(guó)際法的三重調(diào)整。國(guó)際組織的規(guī)則是一個(gè)國(guó)際組織內(nèi)部法的重要組成部分,前者又以憲章性文件為核心；國(guó)際組織的規(guī)則對(duì)于認(rèn)定該組織是否具有獨(dú)立的法律人格、能否獨(dú)立地對(duì)外承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任以及該組織與其成員之間的責(zé)任分擔(dān)問題,都具有不可替代的地位與作用,這在歐盟與其成員國(guó)的法律責(zé)任分擔(dān)問題上尤為明顯。盡管,國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)法院適用該國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)法,審理國(guó)際組織與其成員間法律責(zé)任問題的一些案例已經(jīng)出現(xiàn),但是這樣的處理方式并不足以解決國(guó)際組織的責(zé)任問題。國(guó)內(nèi)法的局限性需要通過適用國(guó)際法以彌補(bǔ),然而,有關(guān)國(guó)際組織責(zé)任的國(guó)際法規(guī)則仍處于形成和發(fā)展的初步階段,在國(guó)際法上如何更好地解決國(guó)際組織與其成員間的法律責(zé)任問題仍然充滿爭(zhēng)議。 2011年,聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際法委員會(huì)審議通過的《國(guó)際組織的責(zé)任條款草案》為有關(guān)國(guó)際法規(guī)則、制度的發(fā)展指引了方向,也是對(duì)現(xiàn)有國(guó)際法相關(guān)理論與實(shí)踐的一次編纂和總結(jié)。該草案在借鑒《國(guó)家責(zé)任條款草案》的基礎(chǔ)上,全面地規(guī)定了國(guó)際組織責(zé)任的國(guó)際法規(guī)則和制度,這些一般性規(guī)則都適用于處理國(guó)際組織與其成員之間的法律責(zé)任問題。尤為值得關(guān)注的是,該草案對(duì)于國(guó)際組織內(nèi)部關(guān)系、“揭開面紗”制度、成員的對(duì)外責(zé)任以及如何適用“反措施”制度等方面的嘗試性創(chuàng)新與發(fā)展。 未來國(guó)際組織責(zé)任法的發(fā)展將面臨規(guī)則滯后學(xué)理、制度尚為雛形以及實(shí)踐仍不豐富等多方面的挑戰(zhàn),而由學(xué)理導(dǎo)向走向規(guī)則導(dǎo)向、由國(guó)家導(dǎo)向走向國(guó)際組織導(dǎo)向、通過實(shí)踐不斷豐富、深化和完善制度則構(gòu)成了其發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。國(guó)際組織責(zé)任法的發(fā)展對(duì)中國(guó)的國(guó)際組織實(shí)踐將產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響,這就要求中國(guó)提高責(zé)任意識(shí)、遵守國(guó)際法規(guī)則,“負(fù)責(zé)任”地參與國(guó)際組織行動(dòng)以及引導(dǎo)國(guó)際組織“負(fù)責(zé)任"地發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:International legal personality is one of the essential elements of an international organization in the law of responsibility, and whether it has an international legal personality is also a prerequisite for judging whether an international organization can bear international responsibility independently. In theory and practice, the criteria for judging the legal personality of international organizations have been formed, which have been repeatedly cited and reiterated in different cases. The question of legal responsibility between international organizations and their members is subject to the triple adjustment of internal law, domestic law and international law. The rules of an international organization are an important part of the internal law of an international organization, the former of which is centred on a charter document; the rules of an international organization have an independent legal personality for the purpose of determining whether the organization has an independent legal personality, Whether we can bear the legal responsibility independently and share the responsibility between the organization and its members has an irreplaceable position and role, which is especially obvious in the issue of legal liability sharing between the EU and its member states. Although a number of cases have emerged in which the domestic courts of a State have applied the domestic law of that State to the question of legal responsibility between an international organization and its members, such an approach is not sufficient to resolve the question of responsibility of an international organization. The limitations of domestic law need to be remedied by the application of international law; however, the rules of international law relating to the responsibility of international organizations are still at an initial stage of formation and development, The question of how to better resolve the legal responsibility of international organizations and their members in international law remains controversial. In 2011, the draft articles on responsibility of International organizations, which were considered and adopted by the International Law Commission of the United Nations, have guided the development of relevant rules and systems of international law, and are also a codification and summary of relevant theories and practices of existing international law. On the basis of the draft articles on State responsibility, the draft comprehensively sets out the rules and regimes of international law on the responsibility of international organizations, which are applicable to the question of legal responsibility between international organizations and their members. It is of particular concern that the draft is an attempt to innovate and develop the internal relations of international organizations, the system of "lifting the veil", the external responsibility of members and how to apply the system of "countermeasures". In the future, the development of the law of responsibility of international organizations will face many challenges, such as the rule lags behind the academic theory, the system is still embryonic and the practice is still not rich, and so on, but from the theory to the rule, from the country to the international organization. Through the continuous enrichment of practice, deepening and perfecting the system constitutes its development trend. The development of the law on the responsibility of international organizations will have a profound impact on China's practice of international organizations, which requires China to enhance its sense of responsibility and abide by the rules of international law. To participate responsibly in the actions of international organizations and to guide their responsible development.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D993.9

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