本文選題：國(guó)際人權(quán)監(jiān)督機(jī)制　切入點(diǎn)：存在原因　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：盡管部分地區(qū)，，如歐洲、美洲和非洲先后建立了區(qū)域性人權(quán)法院，試圖通過(guò)區(qū)域性人權(quán)司法機(jī)構(gòu)促進(jìn)各國(guó)履行尊重和保障人權(quán)的義務(wù)，但是，在全球?qū)用妫Ｕ细鲊?guó)履行尊重和保護(hù)人權(quán)義務(wù)的主要途徑依然是國(guó)際監(jiān)督。全球?qū)用娴娜藱?quán)監(jiān)督主要有政治性監(jiān)督（或依聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章建立的人權(quán)監(jiān)督）以及國(guó)際人權(quán)條約實(shí)施的監(jiān)督。由于現(xiàn)有的國(guó)際人權(quán)條約監(jiān)督機(jī)制并不能完全有效地促進(jìn)各國(guó)履行尊重和保障人權(quán)義務(wù)，所以就十分有必要思考能夠促進(jìn)各國(guó)履行人權(quán)條約義務(wù)的渠道，從而可以完善現(xiàn)有的國(guó)際人權(quán)條約監(jiān)督機(jī)制，使其發(fā)揮更大的作用。本文著重研究需要國(guó)際人權(quán)監(jiān)督機(jī)制的原因，國(guó)際人權(quán)監(jiān)督的主要形式，以及對(duì)各國(guó)履行尊重和保障人權(quán)義務(wù)產(chǎn)生的積極與消極影響，探索促進(jìn)各國(guó)履行人權(quán)條約義務(wù)的渠道，從而完善現(xiàn)有的國(guó)際人權(quán)條約監(jiān)督機(jī)制。本文運(yùn)用的主要研究方法有：實(shí)證分析方法、比較分析方法、價(jià)值分析方法和國(guó)際關(guān)系理論。其中，本文對(duì)國(guó)際人權(quán)監(jiān)督的主要形式、締約國(guó)人權(quán)義務(wù)履行現(xiàn)狀等進(jìn)行實(shí)證研究；運(yùn)用比較分析方法對(duì)國(guó)際人權(quán)監(jiān)督機(jī)制發(fā)展的理想方向與現(xiàn)實(shí)局限性進(jìn)行對(duì)比；通過(guò)價(jià)值分析方法對(duì)國(guó)際人權(quán)監(jiān)督機(jī)制發(fā)展的理想方向進(jìn)行界定；運(yùn)用國(guó)際關(guān)系理論對(duì)需要國(guó)際人權(quán)監(jiān)督機(jī)制的原因進(jìn)行歸納。研究的結(jié)論主要有：國(guó)際社會(huì)需要國(guó)際人權(quán)監(jiān)督機(jī)制，這是因?yàn)椋簾o(wú)政府的國(guó)際社會(huì)需要建立秩序，而保護(hù)人權(quán)是國(guó)際秩序的重要方面，國(guó)際人權(quán)法的落實(shí)有賴于各國(guó)的執(zhí)行，國(guó)際人權(quán)監(jiān)督機(jī)制能夠保障各國(guó)執(zhí)行國(guó)際人權(quán)法。國(guó)際人權(quán)監(jiān)督的主要形式有政治監(jiān)督、全球性法律監(jiān)督、區(qū)域性人權(quán)監(jiān)督。國(guó)際人權(quán)監(jiān)督機(jī)制發(fā)展的理想方向包括：國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)范的理想方向和國(guó)際人權(quán)監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)的理想方向。其中國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)范的理想方向?yàn)閲?guó)際人權(quán)文件規(guī)定清晰、明確，可操作性增強(qiáng)；權(quán)利之間的沖突得到解決；國(guó)家的人權(quán)義務(wù)的來(lái)源和內(nèi)容一致。國(guó)際人權(quán)監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)的理想方向?yàn)槭盏經(jīng)Q定和解釋的一方認(rèn)為做出決定和解釋的程序值得依賴并且有權(quán)威性；這種決策程序具備公平的、發(fā)展良好的用于受理和解決通過(guò)一致的、可信的程序提交的爭(zhēng)端的機(jī)制等。國(guó)際人權(quán)監(jiān)督機(jī)制的局限性包括執(zhí)行措施本身的缺陷、執(zhí)行措施適用范圍的局限和各國(guó)在適用人權(quán)國(guó)際保護(hù)執(zhí)行措施時(shí)的種種考慮。國(guó)際人權(quán)監(jiān)督機(jī)制的完善途徑主要有明確人權(quán)條約規(guī)范、發(fā)揮非政府人權(quán)組織的監(jiān)督作用、發(fā)揮“人權(quán)診所”的作用及“文化滲透”的積極作用。
[Abstract]:Although regional human rights courts have been established in some regions, such as Europe, the Americas and Africa, in an attempt to promote the fulfilment by States of their obligations to respect and guarantee human rights through regional human rights judicial bodies, at the global level, International monitoring remains the main way to ensure compliance by States with their obligations to respect and protect human rights. Human rights monitoring at the global level is primarily political (or human rights monitoring established in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations) and the reality of international human rights treaties. Since existing international human rights treaty monitoring mechanisms do not contribute fully and effectively to the fulfilment by States of their obligations to respect and guarantee human rights, It is therefore necessary to reflect on the channels through which States can fulfil their obligations under human rights treaties, so as to improve the existing monitoring mechanisms of international human rights treaties, This paper focuses on the reasons for the need for international human rights monitoring mechanisms, the main forms of international human rights monitoring and the positive and negative effects on the fulfilment by States of their obligations to respect and guarantee human rights. To explore the channels to promote the implementation of human rights treaty obligations by States, so as to improve the existing monitoring mechanisms of international human rights treaties. The main research methods used in this paper are: empirical analysis method, comparative analysis method, Value analysis method and international relations theory. Among them, this paper makes an empirical study on the main forms of international human rights monitoring and the status quo of the implementation of human rights obligations of States parties. The ideal direction of the development of international human rights monitoring mechanism is compared with the practical limitation by using the method of comparative analysis, and the ideal direction of the development of international human rights monitoring mechanism is defined by the method of value analysis. Using the theory of international relations to summarize the reasons for the need for international human rights monitoring mechanisms. The main conclusions of the study are: the international community needs international human rights monitoring mechanisms, because the anarchic international community needs to establish order, While the protection of human rights is an important aspect of the international order, the implementation of international human rights law depends on the implementation of the international human rights law. The international human rights monitoring mechanism can guarantee the implementation of international human rights law by States. The main forms of international human rights monitoring are political supervision. Global legal oversight, Regional human rights monitoring. The ideal directions for the development of international human rights monitoring mechanisms include: the ideal direction of international human rights norms and the ideal direction of international human rights monitoring bodies. Clarity, maneuverability, conflict between rights are resolved; The source and content of the human rights obligations of States are consistent. The ideal direction of international human rights monitoring bodies is that the party receiving decisions and interpretations considers the process of making decisions and interpretations to be credible and authoritative; such decision-making processes are fair, Well developed mechanisms for receiving and resolving disputes submitted through consistent and credible procedures... the limitations of international human rights monitoring mechanisms include deficiencies in the implementation of the measures themselves, Limitations of the scope of application of enforcement measures and considerations of States in applying international measures for the protection and enforcement of human rights... the international human rights monitoring mechanisms can be improved mainly by clarifying the norms of human rights treaties and giving play to the supervisory role of non-governmental human rights organizations, Give play to the role of "human rights clinic" and the positive role of "cultural infiltration".
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D998.2

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